First Turkic Khaganate

First Turkic Khaganate
552–603
The First Turkic Khaganate at its greatest extent, in 576.
StatusKhaganate (Nomadic empire)
Capital
Common languages
Religion
Tengrism, Buddhism
Demonym(s)Türük
Türk
Qaghan 
• 552
Bumin Qaghan (first)
• 599–603
Tardu (last)
Yabgu 
• 552–575
Istämi (first)
• 575–599
Tardu (last)
Historical eraPost-classical
• Bumin Qaghan revolts against Rouran Khaganate
542
• Established
552
581
• Brief re-unification
603
• Division of Western and Eastern Turkic Khaganates
603
Area
557[8][9]6,000,000 km2 (2,300,000 sq mi)
Population
• 6th century[10]
3 million
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Rouran Khaganate
Hephthalite Empire
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Western Turkic Khaganate

The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire,[11] the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his brother Istämi. The First Turkic Khaganate succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the hegemonic power of the Mongolian Plateau and rapidly expanded their territories in Central Asia. The khaganate became the first Central Asian transcontinental empire from Manchuria to the Black Sea.[4]: 49 [12]

Although the Göktürks spoke a Siberian Turkic language directly antecedent to the Orkhon Turkic of the Second Turkic Khaganate, the First Khaganate's early official texts and coins were written in Sogdian.[5][6] It was the first Turkic state to use the name Türk politically.[13] The Old Turkic script was invented at the first half of the sixth century.[14][15]

The Khaganate collapsed in 603, after a series of conflicts and civil wars which separated the polity into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate. The Tang China conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630 and the Western Turkic Khaganate in 657 in a series of military campaigns. The Second Turkic Khaganate emerged in 682 and lasted until 744, when it was overthrown by the Uyghur Khaganate.

  1. ^ "The tamga of the royal clan of the first Turkish empire was a neatly drawn lineal picture of an ibex", Kljastornyj, 1980, p. 93
  2. ^ Sinor 1969, p. 101.
  3. ^ Peter Roudik (2007). The History of the Central Asian Republics. p. 24.
  4. ^ a b Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History.
  5. ^ a b Roux 2000, p. 79.
  6. ^ a b Baratova 2005.
  7. ^ Vovin 2019, p. 133.
  8. ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  9. ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 129. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
  10. ^ Karatay, Osman. Göktürk Çağı Türk Nüfusu Üzerine Düşünceler. 18. Türk Tarih Kongresi, 1-4 Ekim 2018 Ankara.
  11. ^ Kwanten, Luc (1979). Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500–1500. p. 35. OCLC 4193301.
  12. ^ Taşağıl, Ahmet (2021). Türk Model Devleti Gök Türkler. Bilge Kültür Sanat. ISBN 9786059521598.
  13. ^ West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 829. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
  14. ^ Tryjarski, E. (2002). "Runes and runelike scripts of Eurasian area. Part 1". Archivum Ottomanicum. 20. Mouton: 49.
  15. ^ de Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim (1996). History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. p. 478.