First presidency of Lula da Silva

Lula da Silva
First presidency of Lula da Silva
1 January 2003 – 1 January 2011[1]
Vice President
CabinetSee list
PartyWorkers'
Election
SeatPalácio do Planalto


Standard of the president

The First presidency of Lula da Silva corresponds to the period in Brazilian political history that began with the inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as President on January 1, 2003, in his fourth candidacy for this office and after defeating the PSDB candidate, José Serra, with 61.27% of the valid votes in a second round.[2] Lula was the first former worker to become president of Brazil, and he governed the country for two consecutive terms (2003 until 2007 , and from 2007 until 2011).[3] In October 2006, Lula was reelected to the presidency, defeating the PSDB candidate Geraldo Alckmin in the second round, obtaining more than 60% of the valid votes against 39.17% for his opponent.[4] His term in office ended on January 1, 2011. Lula's government ended with record approval from the population, with more than 80% positive ratings.[5][6][7]

Its main hallmarks were the maintenance of economic stability, the resumption of the country's growth, and the reduction of poverty and social inequality.[8] His first presidency registered the highest average GDP growth in two decades, around 4.1%, and total growth was 32.62%. Per capita income grew 23.05%, with an average of 2.8%.[9] The growth was driven by the rise in commodity prices, domestic demand, helped by programs like Bolsa Família and the reduction in international interest rates.[10][11][12] Despite economic growth, productivity has not increased along with it.[13] Lula took office with inflation at 12.53% and delivered at 5.90%.[14]

One of Lula's campaign platforms was the need for constitutional reforms.[15] A relevant reform that took place during Lula's government was the approval of Constitutional Amendment 45, in 2004, which became known as the "Judiciary Reform".[16]

His first presidency was also notable for the country's quest to host major sporting events. The 2007 Pan-American Games took place during his mandate. So did the choice of Brazil to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. The decisions generated controversy about the losses[17][18][19] and legacies of each event.[20][21][22]

In 2009, the penultimate year of the Lula administration, an annual study conducted by the NGO Transparency International reported that Brazil ranked 75th in a ranking of 180 countries on perceived corruption. The study gave Brazil a score of 3.7, which indicates corruption problems, according to the entity.[23] Brazil got worse in the ranking between 2002 (score 4.0, 45th in the ranking) and 2009 (score 3.7, 75th in the ranking), having dropped 30 places.[24] In 2008, the Democracy Index, elaborated annually by the British magazine The Economist, ranked Brazil as the 41st most democratic country in the world.[25]

  1. ^ "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Resumo do Governo)". Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  2. ^ "Raio-X das eleições". UOL Eleições 2010 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  3. ^ "Após três eleições, Lula chega à Presidência da República". Folha poder (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2002-10-27. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  4. ^ "Com 100% das urnas apuradas, Lula é reeleito com 60,83%". Terra notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2006-10-30. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  5. ^ "Lula encerra governo com aprovação recorde, mostra CNI-Ibope". Correio Braziliense (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-16. Archived from the original on 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  6. ^ "Aprovação de Lula chega a 83%, diz Datafolha". R7 Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-19. Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  7. ^ "Lula encerra governo com aprovação recorde de 87% da população". R7 Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-29. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  8. ^ "O país que ele construiu". IstoÉ Dinheiro. 2010-12-29. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  9. ^ "GDP growth (annual %) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  10. ^ Barbosa 2020, p. 155.
  11. ^ Araujo, Victor Leonardo de (2019). "O primeiro governo Lula (2003-2006): retomada do crescimento e bonança internacional" (PDF). Anais do XXIV Encontro Nacional de Economia Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
  12. ^ Biancarelli 2014, p. 275.
  13. ^ Giselle Garcia (2016-05-15). "Entenda a crise econômica". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  14. ^ "Inflação e Dívida Pública". R7 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  15. ^ Karenine Miracelly Rocha da Cunha. "Agora é Lula: Enquadramentos do Governo do PT pelo Jornal Nacional" (PDF). Universidade Estadual Paulista (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  16. ^ Andre Domingues Figaro (2005). Comentários à Reforma do Judiciário: Emenda Constitucional 45 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Premier Máxima. ISBN 8598290238.
  17. ^ "Lula admite que Pan 07 custará "muito" ao país". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  18. ^ "Um ano depois da Copa, oito dos 12 estádios têm prejuízo". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  19. ^ "Organizar Olimpíada dá prejuízo, menos para o COI". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  20. ^ "Gasto público com o Pan aumenta 684% em 5 anos". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  21. ^ "Arenas da Copa do Mundo se revelam 'elefantes brancos'". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  22. ^ "Um ano depois, Olimpíada do Rio continua polêmica". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  23. ^ "Brasil ocupa 75º lugar em ranking de corrupção, diz ONG". Estadão Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2009-11-17. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
  24. ^ "Brasil fica em 72º em ranking mundial de corrupção, diz ONG". G1 corrupção (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2007-06-26. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
  25. ^ "Brasil é "democracia falha"". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2009-05-03. Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2011-07-16.