Fluid and crystallized intelligence

The concepts of fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallized intelligence (gc) were introduced in 1943 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell.[1][2][3] According to Cattell's psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence (g) is subdivided into gf and gc. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems and is correlated with a number of important skills such as comprehension, problem-solving, and learning.[4] Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves the ability to deduce secondary relational abstractions by applying previously learned primary relational abstractions.[5]

  1. ^ Cattell, R. B. (1943). The measurement of adult intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 40(3), 153–193.
  2. ^ Cattell, R. B. (1963). "Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment". Journal of Educational Psychology. 54: 1–22. doi:10.1037/h0046743.
  3. ^ Cattell, Raymond B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-04275-5. OCLC 159861.
  4. ^ Unsworth, Nash; Fukuda, Keisuke; Awh, Edward; Vogel, Edward K. (2014). "Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval". Cognitive Psychology. 71: 1–26. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.003. PMC 4484859. PMID 24531497.
  5. ^ Cattell, Raymond B. (1987). Intelligence : its structure, growth, and action. Raymond B. Cattell. Amsterdam: North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-08-086689-5. OCLC 305506880.