| |||
| |||
| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
Formaldehyde[1] | |||
| Systematic IUPAC name
Methanal[1] | |||
Other names
| |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
|
|||
| 3DMet | |||
| 1209228 | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChEMBL | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| DrugBank | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.002 | ||
| EC Number |
| ||
| E number | E240 (preservatives) | ||
| 445 | |||
| KEGG | |||
| MeSH | Formaldehyde | ||
PubChem CID
|
|||
| RTECS number |
| ||
| UNII | |||
| UN number | 2209 | ||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|||
| |||
| |||
| Properties[7] | |||
| CH2O | |||
| Molar mass | 30.026 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colorless gas | ||
| Density | 0.8153 g/cm3 (−20 °C)[2] (liquid) | ||
| Melting point | −92 °C (−134 °F; 181 K) | ||
| Boiling point | −19 °C (−2 °F; 254 K)[2] | ||
| 400 g/L | |||
| log P | 0.350 | ||
| Vapor pressure | > 1 atm[3] | ||
| Acidity (pKa) | 13.27 (hydrate)[4][5] | ||
| −18.6·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
| 2.330 D[6] | |||
| Structure | |||
| C2v | |||
| Trigonal planar | |||
| Thermochemistry[8] | |||
Heat capacity (C)
|
35.387 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
218.760 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−108.700 kJ·mol−1 | ||
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
|
−102.667 kJ·mol−1 | ||
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298) |
571 kJ·mol−1 | ||
| Pharmacology | |||
| QP53AX19 (WHO) | |||
| Hazards | |||
| GHS labelling: | |||
   [9]
| |||
| Danger | |||
| H301+H311+H331, H314, H317, H335, H341, H350, H370[9] | |||
| P201, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340+P310, P305+P351+P338, P308+P310[9] | |||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
| Flash point | 64 °C (147 °F; 337 K) | ||
| 430 °C (806 °F; 703 K) | |||
| Explosive limits | 7–73% | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose)
|
100 mg/kg (oral, rat)[12] | ||
LC50 (median concentration)
|
333 ppm (mouse, 2 h) 815 ppm (rat, 30 min)[13] | ||
LCLo (lowest published)
|
333 ppm (cat, 2 h)[13] | ||
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
|
TWA 0.75 ppm ST 2 ppm (as formaldehyde and formalin)[10][11] | ||
REL (Recommended)
|
Ca TWA 0.016 ppm C 0.1 ppm [15-minute][10] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger)
|
Ca [20 ppm][10] | ||
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | MSDS(Archived) | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related aldehydes
|
|||
Related compounds
|
|||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |||
Formaldehyde (/fɔːrˈmældɪhaɪd/ for-MAL-di-hide, US also /fər-/ fər-) (systematic name methanal) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH2O and structure H−CHO, more precisely H2C=O. The compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde. It is stored as aqueous solutions (formalin), which consists mainly of the hydrate CH2(OH)2. It is the simplest of the aldehydes (R−CHO). As a precursor to many other materials and chemical compounds, in 2006 the global production of formaldehyde was estimated at 12 million tons per year.[14] It is mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings. Small amounts also occur naturally.
Formaldehyde is classified as a carcinogen[note 1] and can cause respiratory and skin irritation upon exposure.[15]
- ^ a b "Front Matter". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 908. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
- ^ a b "SIDS Initial Assessment Report" (PDF). International Programme on Chemical Safety. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ Spence, Robert; Wild, William (1935). "114. The vapour-pressure curve of formaldehyde, and some related data". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 506–509. doi:10.1039/jr9350000506.
- ^ "PubChem Compound Database; CID=712". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
- ^ "Acidity of aldehydes". Chemistry Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on 2018-09-01. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ Nelson, R. D. Jr.; Lide, D. R.; Maryott, A. A. (1967). "Selected Values of electric dipole moments for molecules in the gas phase (NSRDS-NBS10)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-08. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. C–301, E–61. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8.
- ^ CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2016-2017, 97th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4987-5428-6. OCLC 930681942. Archived from the original on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c Record of Formaldehyde in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 13 March 2020.
- ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0293". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0294". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Substance Name: Formaldehyde [USP]". ChemlDplus. US National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18.
- ^ a b "Formaldehyde". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Humans, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to (2006). Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Archived from the original on 2024-02-02. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ a b "Formaldehyde and Cancer Risk". 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2023-09-20. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).