Forty-eighters

The Forty-eighters (48ers) were Europeans who participated in or supported the Revolutions of 1848 that swept Europe. In the German Confederation, the Forty-eighters favoured unification of Germany, a more democratic government, and guarantees of human rights.^[1] Although many Americans felt very sympathetic to them, many Forty-Eighters were Freethinkers who were more influenced by post-1789 republicanism in France and shared its traditional hostility towards tolerating religious practice or Classical Christian education, than by the American Republic's traditional belief in freedom of religion. Disappointed at their failure to permanently change the system of government in the German States or the Austrian Empire, and sometimes ordered by local governments to emigrate because of their involvement in the revolution, they gave up their old lives to live abroad. They emigrated to Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They included Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, among many others. A large number were respected, politically active, wealthy, and well-educated, and found success in their new countries.