Gabapentin

Gabapentin
Gabapentin.acid
Clinical data
Trade namesNeurontin, others[1]
Other namesCI-945; GOE-3450; DM-1796 (Gralise)
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa694007
License data
Pregnancy
category
Dependence
liability		Physical: High[3]
Psychological: Moderate
Addiction
liability		Low[4]
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classGabapentinoid
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability27–60% (inversely proportional to dose; a high-fat meal also increases bioavailability)[8][9]
Protein bindingLess than 3%[8][9]
MetabolismNot significantly metabolized[8][9]
Elimination half-life5 to 7 hours[8][9]
ExcretionKidney[8][9]
Identifiers
  • 2-[1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]acetic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.056.415 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC9H17NO2
Molar mass171.240 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(O)CC1(CN)CCCCC1
  • InChI=1S/C9H17NO2/c10-7-9(6-8(11)12)4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-7,10H2,(H,11,12) checkY
  • Key:UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Gabapentin, sold under the brand name Neurontin among others, is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used to treat partial seizures and neuropathic pain.[7][10] It is a commonly used medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and central pain.[11] It is moderately effective: about 30–40% of those given gabapentin for diabetic neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia have a meaningful benefit.[12]

Sleepiness and dizziness are the most common side effects. Serious side effects include an increased risk of suicide, respiratory depression, and allergic reactions.[7] Lower doses are recommended in those with kidney disease.[7] Gabapentin acts by decreasing activity of a subset of calcium channels.[13][14][15]

Gabapentin was first approved for use in 1993.[16] It has been available as a generic medication in the United States since 2004.[17] In 2022, it was the tenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 40 million prescriptions.[18][19] During the 1990s, Parke-Davis, a subsidiary of Pfizer, used a number of illegal techniques to encourage physicians in the United States to prescribe gabapentin for unapproved uses.[20] They have paid out millions of dollars to settle lawsuits regarding these activities.[21]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Drugs.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Gabapentin Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  3. ^ Tran KT, Hranicky D, Lark T, Jacob NJ (June 2005). "Gabapentin withdrawal syndrome in the presence of a taper". Bipolar Disorders. 7 (3): 302–4. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00200.x. PMID 15898970.
  4. ^ Schifano F (June 2014). "Misuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern?". CNS Drugs. 28 (6): 491–496. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0164-4. PMID 24760436.
  5. ^ "Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  6. ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Neurontin label was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d e "Neurontin, Gralise (gabapentin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d e Goa KL, Sorkin EM (September 1993). "Gabapentin. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in epilepsy". Drugs. 46 (3): 409–427. doi:10.2165/00003495-199346030-00007. PMID 7693432. S2CID 265753780.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference NICE was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. (September 2010). "EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision". European Journal of Neurology. 17 (9): 1113–1e88. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x. PMID 20402746. S2CID 14236933.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Wiffen2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid32521436 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid23642658 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference pmid32321743 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Pitkänen A, Schwartzkroin PA, Moshé SL (2005). Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. Burlington: Elsevier. p. 539. ISBN 978-0-08-045702-4. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Reed2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  19. ^ "Gabapentin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  20. ^ Henney JE (August 2006). "Safeguarding patient welfare: who's in charge?". Annals of Internal Medicine. 145 (4): 305–307. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00013. PMID 16908923. S2CID 39262014.
  21. ^ Stempel J (2 June 2014). "Pfizer to pay $325 million in Neurontin settlement". Reuters. Retrieved 11 June 2018.