Gene delivery

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Genetic engineering
 
Genetically modified organisms
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Gene delivery is the process of introducing foreign genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into host cells.[1] Gene delivery must reach the genome of the host cell to induce gene expression.[2] Successful gene delivery requires the foreign gene delivery to remain stable within the host cell and can either integrate into the genome or replicate independently of it.[3] This requires foreign DNA to be synthesized as part of a vector, which is designed to enter the desired host cell and deliver the transgene to that cell's genome.[4] Vectors utilized as the method for gene delivery can be divided into two categories, recombinant viruses and synthetic vectors (viral and non-viral).[2][5]

In complex multicellular eukaryotes (more specifically Weissmanists), if the transgene is incorporated into the host's germline cells, the resulting host cell can pass the transgene to its progeny. If the transgene is incorporated into somatic cells, the transgene will stay with the somatic cell line, and thus its host organism.[6]

Gene delivery is a necessary step in gene therapy for the introduction or silencing of a gene to promote a therapeutic outcome in patients and also has applications in the genetic modification of crops. There are many different methods of gene delivery for various types of cells and tissues.[6]

  1. ^ Jones CH, Chen CK, Ravikrishnan A, Rane S, Pfeifer BA (November 2013). "Overcoming nonviral gene delivery barriers: perspective and future". Molecular Pharmaceutics. 10 (11): 4082–98. doi:10.1021/mp400467x. PMC 5232591. PMID 24093932.
  2. ^ a b Kamimura K, Suda T, Zhang G, Liu D (October 2011). "Advances in Gene Delivery Systems". Pharmaceutical Medicine. 25 (5): 293–306. doi:10.1007/bf03256872. PMC 3245684. PMID 22200988.
  3. ^ Mali S (January 2013). "Delivery systems for gene therapy". Indian Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 3–8. doi:10.4103/0971-6866.112870. PMC 3722627. PMID 23901186.
  4. ^ Gibson G, Muse SV (2009). A Primer of Genome Science (Third ed.). 23 Plumtree Rd, Sunderland, MA 01375: Sinauer Associates. pp. 304–305. ISBN 978-0-87893-236-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ Pack DW, Hoffman AS, Pun S, Stayton PS (July 2005). "Design and development of polymers for gene delivery". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 4 (7): 581–93. doi:10.1038/nrd1775. PMID 16052241. S2CID 20972049.
  6. ^ a b Nayerossadat N, Maedeh T, Ali PA (6 July 2012). "Viral and nonviral delivery systems for gene delivery". Advanced Biomedical Research. 1: 27. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.98152. PMC 3507026. PMID 23210086.