Genocidal rape

Genocidal rape, a form of wartime sexual violence, is the action of a group which has carried out acts of mass rape and gang rapes, against its enemy during wartime as part of a genocidal campaign.[1] During the Armenian genocide,[2] the Greek genocide,[3][4][5] the Assyrian genocide,[6][7] the second Sino-Japanese war, the Holocaust,[8] the Bangladesh Liberation War,[9][10][11][12] the Bosnian War,[13] the Rwandan genocide,[10][14] the Tamil genocide,[15] the Circassian genocide, the Congolese conflicts, the South Sudanese Civil War, the Yazidi Genocide, and Rohingya genocide, mass rapes that had been an integral part of those conflicts brought the concept of genocidal rape to international prominence.[16] Although war rape has been a recurrent feature in conflicts throughout human history, it has usually been looked upon as a by-product of conflict and not an integral part of military policy.[17]

  1. ^ Totten & Bartrop 2007, pp. 159–160.
  2. ^ Barsoumian, Nanore (7 December 2011). "'Devilish Marks' and Rape in the Time of Genocide". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  3. ^ Shirinian, George (2017). "Background to the Late Ottoman Genocides". Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923. Berghahn Books. p. 55. ISBN 9781785334337. ...deadly bands of çetes (organized brigands), especially those led by Topal Osman, had been engaged in continuous shooting, plundering, and raping of the defenseless Greek villagers in the Pontus region. With Kemal's support, they stepped up their campaign with the objective of clearing the Greeks from the region by massacring the Greek population in cities such as Trebizond, Amasya, Pafra, Merzifon, and many others.
  4. ^ Morris & Ze'evi 2019, p. 390.
  5. ^ Morris & Ze'evi 2019, p. 499.
  6. ^ Gaunt, Atto & Barthoma 2017, p. 47.
  7. ^ Yacoub 2016, p. 42.
  8. ^ "Sexual Violence in the Holocaust: Perspectives from Ghettos and Camps in Ukraine | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Kyiv - Ukraine". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.
  9. ^ Sharlach 2000, pp. 92–93.
  10. ^ a b Sajjad 2012, p. 225.
  11. ^ Ghadbian 2002, p. 111.
  12. ^ Mookherjee 2012, p. 68.
  13. ^ Hayden, Robert M. (2000). "Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States". American Anthropologist. 102 (1): 27–41. doi:10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27. JSTOR 683536.
  14. ^ Sharlach 2000, p. 90.
  15. ^ "Sri Lanka: Rape of Tamil Detainees | Human Rights Watch". 26 February 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  16. ^ Miller 2009, p. 53.
  17. ^ Fisher 1996, pp. 91–133.