Gentrification, the process of altering the demographic and socioeconomic composition of a neighborhood usually by decreasing the percentage of low-income minority residents and increasing the percentage higher-income residents,[1] has been an issue between the residents of minority neighborhoods in Chicago who believe the influx of new residents destabilizes their communities, and the gentrifiers who see it as a process that economically improves a neighborhood.[2][3] Researchers have debated the significance of its effects on the neighborhoods and whether or not it leads to the displacement of residents.[3]
There are some researchers who claim that the loss of affordable housing mainly impacts the poorer minority residents and causes them to have to move out of their neighborhoods which destabilizes their cultural communities.[3] However, critics say that since gentrification often excludes highly black neighborhoods, those residents are prevented from benefiting from any of the positive effects such as redevelopment and neighborhood investment.[4] Factors associated with and used to measure gentrification in Chicago are changes in the number of residents with bachelor's degrees, median household income, racial composition, visual observations, and the presence of coffee shops.[5][1][6]
Historically, the emergence of urban black and Latino neighborhoods in Chicago during the 1950s through the 1970s were made possible because of the waves of white residents moving out into more suburban neighborhoods.[3] There have been phases of gentrification in Chicago of various neighborhoods, some of which were in 1990s and in 2007–2009.[5][6] Gentrification debates in Chicago have been mostly focused around the gentrification of Chicago's historically Latino or black neighborhoods.[3][6] Generally, these neighborhoods are located near the central urban downtown areas and along the east side of the city.[7][6][8]
- ^ a b Papachristos, Andrew V.; Smith, Chris M.; Scherer, Mary L.; Fugiero, Melissa A. (September 2011). "More Coffee, Less Crime? The Relationship between Gentrification and Neighborhood Crime Rates in Chicago, 1991 to 2005". City & Community. 10 (3): 215–240. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01371.x. S2CID 144359691.
- ^ Zelchenko, Peter (2003). It Happened Four Years Ago: Mayor Daley's Brutal Conquest of Chicago's First Ward (PDF). Chicago: VolumeOne Press. ISBN 096774895X. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Betancur, John (June 29, 2010). "Gentrification and Community Fabric in Chicago". Urban Studies. 48 (2): 383–406. doi:10.1177/0042098009360680. PMID 21275200. S2CID 27271073.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Keels, Micere; Burdick-Will, Julia; Keene, Sara (September 2013). "The Effects of Gentrification on Neighborhood Public Schools". City & Community. 12 (3): 238–259. doi:10.1111/cico.12027. S2CID 142557937.
- ^ a b c d Hwang, Jackelyn; Sampson, Robert J. (June 12, 2014). "Divergent Pathways of Gentrification". American Sociological Review. 79 (4): 726–751. doi:10.1177/0003122414535774. S2CID 84835637.
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