Gezi Park protests

Gezi Park protests
Protests on 6 June, with the slogan "Do not submit"
Date28 May – 20 August 2013[1]
(2 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
Location
90 locations in Turkey including Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Hatay, Balıkesir, Bursa, Kahramanmaraş, Adana, Mersin, Kayseri, Konya, Eskişehir, Antalya, Isparta, Denizli, Muğla, Trabzon, Edirne, Erzurum, Malatya, Samsun[2][3][4]
Dozens of cities within the Turkish diaspora
Caused by
Goals
  • Protecting Gezi Park and the public places
  • Defending freedom of speech and right to assembly
  • Banning the usage of chemical gas by state forces against protesters
  • Resignation of Erdoğan's government
  • Free media[13]
  • Fair elections[14]
MethodsSit-ins, strike actions, demonstrations, online activism, protest marches, civil disobedience, civil resistance, cacerolazo
Resulted in
  • Occupation of the park and adjoining Taksim square ended by force, smaller scale protests gradually die out, the park remains open to the public and plans for its destruction are cancelled[15][16]
  • EU-Turkey relations deteriorated[17][18]
  • Government passed several bills to increase the government's ability to control the Internet, to expand the police's abilities and to criminalise the provision of emergency medical care during protests.[19][20][21]
  • Court acquits Gezi Park protest leaders[22]
Parties

Anti-government protesters

Lead figures

Non-centralised leadership

Government leaders:
Number

7,548,500 actively in person during June in Istanbul alone (unofficial estimate)[48]

at least 3,545,000 actively in person (government estimate)[49][50][51][52][53][54]

Cities
  • 100,000+ (Istanbul)[55]
  • 93,950 (Adana)[56]
  • 40,000+ (Ankara)[57]
  • 30,000+ (Izmir)[58]
  • 30,000+ (Bursa)[59]
  • 30,000+ (Çorlu)[60]
  • 20,000+ (Eskişehir)[61]
  • 20,000+ (Antalya)[62]
  • 20,000+ (Gaziantep)[63]
  • 20,000+ (Denizli)[64]
  • 15,000+ (Bodrum)[65]
  • 15,000+ (Çorum)[66]
Unknown
Casualties
Death(s)11[67]
Injuriesat least 8,163 (during the Gezi Park protests)[68]
(at least 63 in serious or critical condition with at least 3 having a risk of death)[68]
Arrestedat least 4,900 with 81 people being held in custody (during the Gezi Park protests)[69][70][71][72][73][74]
Detainedat least 134 (during the Gezi Park protests)[72][73][74]

A wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Turkey began on 28 May 2013, initially to contest the urban development plan for Istanbul's Taksim Gezi Park.[75] The protests were sparked by outrage at the violent eviction of a sit-in at the park protesting the plan.[76] Subsequently, supporting protests and strikes took place across Turkey, protesting against a wide range of concerns at the core of which were issues of freedom of the press, of expression and of assembly, as well as the AKP government's erosion of Turkey's secularism. With no centralised leadership beyond the small assembly that organised the original environmental protest, the protests have been compared to the Occupy movement and the May 1968 events. Social media played a key part in the protests, not least because much of the Turkish media downplayed the protests, particularly in the early stages. Three and a half million people (out of Turkey's population of 80 million) are estimated to have taken an active part in almost 5,000 demonstrations across Turkey connected with the original Gezi Park protest.[77] Twenty-two people were killed and more than 8,000 were injured, many critically.[77]

The sit-in at Taksim Gezi Park was restored after police withdrew from Taksim Square on 1 June, and developed into a protest camp, with thousands of protesters in tents, organising a library, medical centre, food distribution and their own media. After the Gezi Park camp was cleared by riot police on 15 June, protesters began to meet in other parks all around Turkey and organised public forums to discuss ways forward for the protests.[78][79] Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan dismissed the protesters as "a few looters" on 2 June.[5] Police suppressed the protests with tear gas and water cannons. In addition to the 11 deaths and over 8,000 injuries, more than 3,000 arrests were made. Police brutality and the overall absence of government dialogue with the protesters was criticised by some foreign governments and international organisations.[1][80]

The range of the protesters was described as being broad, encompassing both right- and left-wing individuals.[5] Their complaints ranged from the original local environmental concerns to such issues as the authoritarianism of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,[81][82][83] curbs on alcohol,[84] a recent row about kissing in public,[5] and the war in Syria.[5] Protesters called themselves çapulcu (looters), reappropriating Erdoğan's insult for them (and coined the derivative "chapulling", given the meaning of "fighting for your rights"). Many users on Twitter also changed their screenname and used çapulcu instead.[85] According to various analysts, the protests were the most challenging events for Erdoğan's ten-year term and the most significant showing of nationwide disquiet in decades.[86][87]

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