Gilliflower

For the apple, see Cornish Gilliflower.
Gilliflower or gillyflower
From English botany, or coloured figures of British plants, ed. 3, vol. 1: t. 105 (1863)

A gilliflower or gillyflower (/ˈdʒɪliˌflaʊ.ər/)[1] is the carnation or a similar plant of the genus Dianthus, especially the Clove Pink Dianthus caryophyllus.[2] Its botanical name is Matthiola incana, also known as stock.[3] The same name also describes other plants, such as the wallflower, which have fragrant flowers. The name derives from the French giroflée from Greek karyophyllon = "nut-leaf" = the spice called clove, the association deriving from the flower's scent.[4]

Gilliflowers were allegedly referenced as payment for peppercorn rent in medieval feudal-tenure contracts.[5] For example, in 1262 in Bedfordshire a tenant held an area of land called The Hyde "for the rent of one clove of gilliflower", and Elmore Court in Gloucester was granted to the Guise family by John De Burgh for the rent of "The clove of one Gillyflower" each year. In Kent in the 13th century Bartholomew de Badlesmere upon an exchange made between King Edward I and himself, received a royal grant in fee of a manor and chapel, to hold in socage, "by the service of paying one pair of clove gilliflowers", by the hands of the Sheriff.[6] However, it is more likely that the rent was paid in the form of actual cloves (in Latin, gariofilum; the flower was later named after the spice, via French), cloves and peppercorns both being exotic spices.[7]

An old recipe for gilliflower wine is mentioned in the Cornish Recipes Ancient & Modern dated to 1753: "To 3 gallons water put 6lbs of the best powder sugar; boil together for the space of 1/2 an hour; keep skimming; let it stand to cool. Beet up 3 ounces of syrup of betony, with a large spoonful of ale yeast, put into liquor & brew it well; put a peck of gilliflowers free of stalks; let work fore 3 days covered with a cloth; strain & cask for 3-4 weeks, then bottle."[8]

  1. ^ Concise Oxford English Dictionary, OUP Oxford, 2011, p600 (Stephenson and Waite, Ed.s)
  2. ^ "Gillyflower". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Jun. 2008, https://www.britannica.com/plant/gillyflower. Accessed 5 November 2024.
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “gillyflower (n.),” September 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5364608512.
  4. ^ Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 66.
  5. ^ Cuttino, G. P. “King’s Clerks and the Community of the Realm.” Speculum 29, no. 2 (1954): 395–409. https://doi.org/10.2307/2853958.
  6. ^ Victoria County History
  7. ^ West, A. J. (2020). "When is a Clove a Clove? — Peppercorn Rents". Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  8. ^ Marin, Edith (1965). Cornish Recipes: Ancient & Modern (22 ed.). Cornwall, UK: The Cornwall Federation of Women's Institutes. p. 5.