Girolamo Savonarola

Girolamo Savonarola

OP
Girolamo Savonarola by Fra Bartolomeo, c. 1498, Museo di San Marco, Florence.
De facto Ruler of Florence
ReignNovember 1494 – 18 March 1498[1]
PredecessorPiero de' Medici
SuccessorPiero Soderini
Born(1452-09-21)21 September 1452
Ferrara, Duchy of Ferrara
Died23 May 1498(1498-05-23) (aged 45)
Florence, Republic of Florence
Cause of deathExecution[2]
FatherNiccolò di Michele dalla Savonarola
MotherElena Bonacolsi
Signature
Philosophy career
EraRenaissance
Notable ideas
 Democratic theocracy[3]
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Girolamo Savonarola, OP (UK: /ˌsævɒnəˈroʊlə/, US: /ˌsævən-, səˌvɒn-/;[4][5][6] Italian: [dʒiˈrɔːlamo savonaˈrɔːla]; 21 September 1452 – 23 May 1498) or Jerome Savonarola[7] was an ascetic[8] Dominican friar from Ferrara and a preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He became known for his prophecies of civic glory, his advocacy of the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal. He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule, and the exploitation of the poor.

In September 1494, when King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and threatened Florence, Savonarola's prophecies seemed on the verge of fulfillment. While the friar intervened with the French king, the Florentines expelled the ruling Medicis and, at Savonarola's urging, established a "well received" republic, effectively under Savonarola's control. Declaring that Florence would be the New Jerusalem, the world centre of Christianity and "richer, more powerful, more glorious than ever",[9] he instituted an extreme moralistic campaign, enlisting the active help of Florentine youth.

In 1495, when Florence refused to join Pope Alexander VI's Holy League against the French, the Vatican summoned Savonarola to Rome. He disobeyed, and further defied the pope by preaching under a ban, highlighting his campaign for reform with processions, bonfires of the vanities, and pious theatricals. In retaliation, Pope Alexander excommunicated Savonarola in May 1497 and threatened to place Florence under an interdict. A trial by fire proposed by a rival Florentine preacher in April 1498 to test Savonarola's divine mandate turned into a fiasco, and popular opinion turned against him. Savonarola and two of his supporting friars were imprisoned. On 23 May 1498, Church and civil authorities condemned, hanged, and burned the bodies of the three friars in the main square of Florence.

Savonarola's devotees, the Piagnoni, kept his cause of republican freedom and religious reform alive well into the following century. Pope Julius II (in office: 1503–1513) allegedly considered his canonization.[10] However, the Medici—restored to power in Florence in 1512 with the help of the papacy—eventually weakened the Piagnoni movement. Some early Protestants, including Martin Luther himself, have regarded Savonarola as a vital precursor to the Protestant Reformation.[11]

  1. ^ Girolamo Savonarola, Triumphus Crucis Latin and Italian texts ed. Mario Ferrara (Rome, 1961)
  2. ^ "Savonarola". University of Oregon. Winter 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  3. ^ "Girolamo Savonarola" in The Catholic Encyclopedia
  4. ^ "Savonarola, Girolamo" (US) and "Savonarola, Girolamo". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021.
  5. ^ "Savonarola". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  6. ^ "Savonarola". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  7. ^ "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". ccel.org. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  8. ^ Ridolfi, Roberto (1 January 2011). "Britannica: Girolamo Savonarola". Britannica. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  9. ^ Weinstein, Donald (2011). Savonarola: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet. Yale University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-300-11193-4.
  10. ^ Milman, Henry Hart (1870). "Essay I: Savonarola". Savonarola, Erasmus, and Other Essays (Reprinted from 'The Quarterly Review' ed.). London: John Murray. p. 74. Retrieved 28 May 2023. There has been a strong demand for [...] his canonisation. It was said to have been contemplated even by Julius II [...].
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).