Glacier National Park (U.S.)

Not to be confused with Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve.

Glacier National Park
Mountain goat, official park symbol, above Hidden Lake, with Dragons Tail in the distance
Map showing the location of Glacier National Park
Map showing the location of Glacier National Park
Glacier National Park
Location in Montana
Map showing the location of Glacier National Park
Map showing the location of Glacier National Park
Glacier National Park
Location in the United States
LocationFlathead County and Glacier County, Montana, United States
Nearest cityColumbia Falls, Montana
Coordinates48°45′18″N 113°48′00″W / 48.7550°N 113.8000°W / 48.7550; -113.8000
Area1,013,322 acres (4,100.77 km2)[1]
EstablishedMay 11, 1910[2]
Visitors2,908,458 (in 2022)[3]
Governing bodyNational Park Service
Websitenps.gov/glac
Part ofWaterton-Glacier International Peace Park
CriteriaNatural: vii, ix
Reference354
Inscription1995 (19th Session)

Glacier National Park is a national park of the United States located in northwestern Montana, on the Canada–United States border. The park encompasses more than 1 million acres (4,100 km2) and includes parts of two mountain ranges (sub-ranges of the Rocky Mountains), more than 130 named lakes, more than 1,000 different species of plants, and hundreds of species of animals. This vast pristine ecosystem is the centerpiece of what has been referred to as the "Crown of the Continent Ecosystem", a region of protected land encompassing 16,000 sq mi (41,000 km2).[4]

The region that became Glacier National Park was first inhabited by Native Americans. Upon the arrival of European explorers, it was dominated by the Blackfeet in the east and the Flathead in the western regions. Under pressure, the Blackfeet ceded the mountainous parts of their treaty lands in 1895 to the federal government; it later became part of the park. Soon after the establishment of the park on May 11, 1910, a number of hotels and chalets were constructed by the Great Northern Railway. These historic hotels and chalets are listed as National Historic Landmarks and a total of 350 locations are on the National Register of Historic Places. By 1932 work was completed on the Going-to-the-Sun Road, later designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, which provided motorists easier access to the heart of the park.

Glacier National Park's mountains began forming 170 million years ago when ancient rocks were forced eastward up and over much younger rock strata. Known as the Lewis Overthrust, these sedimentary rocks are considered to have some of the finest examples of early life fossils on Earth. The current shapes of the Lewis and Livingston mountain ranges and positioning and size of the lakes show the telltale evidence of massive glacial action, which carved U-shaped valleys and left behind moraines that impounded water, creating lakes. Of the estimated 150 glaciers over 25 acres in size which existed in the park in the mid-19th century during the late Little Ice Age, only 25 active glaciers remained by 2010.[5] Scientists studying the glaciers in the park have estimated that all the active glaciers may disappear by 2030 if current climate patterns persist.[6]

Glacier National Park still maintains almost all of its modern, original native plant and animal species (since discovery by Europeans). Large mammals such as American black bear, grizzly bear, bighorn sheep, elk, moose, mountain lion and mountain goats, as well as gray wolf, wolverine and Canadian lynx inhabit the park. Hundreds of species of birds, more than a dozen fish species, and quite a few reptiles and amphibian species have been documented. Species of butterflies, pollinating insects and other invertebrates range in the thousands.

The park has numerous ecosystems, ranging from prairie to tundra. The easternmost forests of western redcedar and hemlock grow in the southwest portion of the park. Forest fires are annually common in the park. There has been a fire every year of the park's existence except for in 1964. In total, 64 fires occurred in 1936 alone, the most on-record.[7][8] In 2003, six fires burned approximately 136,000 acres (550 km2), more than 13% of the park.[9]

Glacier National Park borders Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada—the two parks are known as the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park and were designated as the world's first International Peace Park in 1932. Both parks were designated by the United Nations as Biosphere Reserves in 1976, and in 1995 as World Heritage Sites.[10] In April 2017, the joint park received a provisional Gold Tier designation as Waterton-Glacier International Dark Sky Park through the International Dark Sky Association,[11] the first transboundary dark sky park.

  1. ^ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 6, 2012. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
  2. ^ "History of Glacier National Park". Montana PBS. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  3. ^ "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  4. ^ "Welcome to the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem". Crown of the Continent Ecosystem Education Consortium. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  5. ^ Brown, Matthew (April 7, 2010). "2 more glaciers gone from Glacier National Park". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference features was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "Fire History – Glacier National Park". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  8. ^ "Public Information Map". esri. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  9. ^ "The Fires of 2003" (PDF). The Inside Trail: Voice of the Glacier Park Foundation. Winter 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  10. ^ "Biosphere Reserve Information". United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. March 11, 2005. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
  11. ^ Staff. "2017 – Summer Guide to Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park" (PDF). nps.gov. National Park Service. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2017.