Glossotherium

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Glossotherium Temporal range: Late Pliocene–Early Holocene (Chapadmalalan/Uquian-Lujanian) ~3.3–0.010 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
G. robustum skeleton at the Natural History Museum, London
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Pilosa
Family:	†Mylodontidae
Subfamily:	†Mylodontinae
Tribe:	†Mylodontini
Genus:	†Glossotherium Owen 1840
Type species
†Glossotherium robustum Owen, 1840
Other species
†G. phoenesis Cartelle et al., 2019 †G. tropicorum Hoffstetter, 1952 †G. chapadmalense Kraglievich[1] †G. wegneri? Hoffstetter 1949 †G. tarijense Ameghino, 1902
Synonyms
Eumylodon Ameghino 1904 Pseudolestodon Gervais & Ameghino 1880 Oreomylodon? Hoffstetter 1949

Glossotherium is an extinct genus of large mylodontid ground sloths of the subfamily Mylodontinae. It represents one of the best-known members of the family, along with Mylodon and Paramylodon. Reconstructed animals were between 3 and 4 metres (9.8 and 13.1 ft) long and possibly weighed up to 1,002.6–1,500 kg. The majority of finds of Glossotherium date from the Middle and Upper Pleistocene, around 300,000 to 10,000 years ago, with a few dating older, as far back Pliocene, about 3.3-3 million years ago.^[2] The range included large parts of South America, east of the Andes roughly from latitude 20 to 40 degrees south, leaving out the Amazon Basin in the north. In western South America, finds are also documented north of the equator. The animals largely inhabited the open landscapes of the Pampas and northern savanna regions.

Like other mylodonts, Glossotherium was adapted to a more or less grassy diet, as indicated by the broad snout and the design of the teeth. This view is confirmed by isotopic analysis. The anatomical structure of their locomotor system suggests quadrupedal locomotion, but they were also capable of changing to a bipedal stance. The particularly strong construction of the forelimbs is remarkable, leading to the assumption that Glossotherium burrowed underground. Large fossil burrows with corresponding scratch marks support this assumption, possibly making it the largest known burrowing mammal ever. The structure of the auditory system shows that Glossotherium could perceive frequencies in infrasound and probably produce them with the help of its voluminous nasal cavity.

The research history of the genus is very complex. The first description was made in 1840 by Richard Owen. However, he discarded the genus name just two years later. Subsequently, this led to persistent confusion and equation with Mylodon and other forms, which was not resolved until the 1920s. Especially during the 20th century, Glossotherium was considered identical to the North American Paramylodon. It was not until the 1990s that it became widely accepted that the two genera are independent.