| History of Al-Andalus |
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Muslim conquest (711–732) |
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Umayyad state of Córdoba (756–1031) |
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First Taifa period (1009–1110) |
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Almoravid rule (1085–1145) |
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Second Taifa period (1140–1203) |
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Almohad rule (1147–1238) |
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Third Taifa period (1232–1287) |
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Emirate of Granada (1232–1492) |
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| Jews and Judaism |
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The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain was a Muslim ruled era of Spain, with the state name of Al-Andalus, lasting 800 years, whose state lasted from 711 to 1492 A.D. This coincides with the Islamic Golden Age within Muslim ruled territories, while Christian Europe experienced the Middle Ages.
Under Muslim rule, Jews were labeled as "protected people" — "dhimmi" which afforded them religious freedom and protection, exclusion from military service, offered many but not all rights. The coexistence in Muslim society allowed Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life to flourish into a parallel Golden Age.
The nature and length of this "Golden Age" has been debated, as there were at least three periods during which non-Muslims were oppressed. A few scholars give the start of the Golden Age as 711–718, the Muslim conquest of Iberia. Others date it from 912, during the rule of Abd al-Rahman III. The end of the age is variously given as 1031, when the Caliphate of Córdoba ended; 1066, the date of the Granada massacre; 1090, when the Almoravids invaded; or the mid-12th century, when the Almohads invaded.