Grazing

Dairy cattle grazing in Germany

In agriculture, grazing is a method of animal husbandry whereby domestic livestock are allowed outdoors to free range (roam around) and consume wild vegetations in order to convert the otherwise indigestible (by human gut) cellulose within grass and other forages into meat, milk, wool and other animal products, often on land that is unsuitable for arable farming.

Farmers may employ many different strategies of grazing for optimum production: grazing may be continuous, seasonal, or rotational within a grazing period. Longer rotations are found in ley farming, alternating arable and fodder crops; in rest rotation, deferred rotation, and mob grazing, giving grasses a longer time to recover or leaving land fallow. Patch-burn sets up a rotation of fresh grass after burning with two years of rest. Conservation grazing proposes to use grazing animals to improve the biodiversity of a site. [1]

Grazing has existed since the beginning of agriculture; sheep and goats were domesticated by nomads before the first permanent settlements were constructed around 7000 BC, enabling cattle and pigs to be kept.

Livestock grazing contributes to many negative effects on the environment, including deforestation, extinction of native wildlife, pollution of streams and rivers, overgrazing, soil degradation, ecological disturbance, desertification,[2] and ecosystem stability.[3][4]

  1. ^ Filazzola, A.; Brown, C.; Dettlaff, M. A.; Batbaatar, A.; Grenke, J.; Bao, T.; Peetoom Heida, I.; Cahill Jr, J. F. (2020). "The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi-trophic: A meta-analysis". Ecology Letters. 23 (8): 1298–1309. Bibcode:2020EcolL..23.1298F. doi:10.1111/ele.13527. PMID 32369874. S2CID 218521073.
  2. ^ "Grazing". www.biologicaldiversity.org.
  3. ^ Liang, M. (2021). "Grazing-induced biodiversity loss impairs grassland ecosystem stability at multiple scales". Ecology Letters. 24 (10): 2054–2064. Bibcode:2021EcolL..24.2054L. doi:10.1111/ele.13826. hdl:1874/418875. PMID 34319652.
  4. ^ Hautier, Yann; Van der Plas, Fons (2022-02-16). "Biodiversity and Temporal Stability of Naturally Assembled Ecosystems Across Spatial Scales in a Changing World". The Ecological and Societal Consequences of Biodiversity Loss. Wiley. pp. 189–209. doi:10.1002/9781119902911.ch9. hdl:1874/427826. ISBN 978-1-78945-072-9. S2CID 246920767.