Guided ray

A guided ray (also bound ray or trapped ray) is a ray of light in a multi-mode optical fiber, which is confined by the core.

For step index fiber, light entering the fiber will be guided if it falls within the acceptance cone of the fiber, that is if it makes an angle with the fiber axis that is less than the acceptance angle,^[1]

${\displaystyle \theta <\arcsin \left({\sqrt {n_{0}^{2}-n_{\mathrm {c} }^{2}}}\right)}$ ,

where

θ is the angle the ray makes with the fiber axis, before entering the fiber,

n₀ is the refractive index along the central axis (core) of the fiber, and

n_c is the refractive index of the cladding.

The quantity ${\displaystyle \sin \theta }$ is the numerical aperture of the fiber. The quantity ${\displaystyle 2\theta }$ is sometimes called the total acceptance angle of the fiber.

This result can be derived from Snell's law by considering the critical angle. Light that enters the core with an angle below the acceptance angle strikes the core-cladding boundary at an angle above the critical angle, and experiences total internal reflection. This repeats on every bounce within the fiber core, and so the light is confined to the core. The confinement of light by the fiber can also be described in terms of bound modes or guided modes. This treatment is necessary when considering single-mode fiber, since the ray model does not accurately describe the propagation of light in this type of fiber.