Guns, goons, and gold

The phrase "guns, goons, and gold," sometimes referred to as the "Three Gs of Philippine Politics"[1] was a catchphrase coined by media to describe the violence and vote-buying that characterized the political campaign period in the Philippines,[2] beginning with the presidential reelection campaign of 1969,[3][4][5] declining only with the advent of electronic voting machines during the elections of 2010.[6][7]

  1. ^ "Elections 2007: 3Gs rear hideous head on campaign's Day 3". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  2. ^ DROGIN, BOB (1992-02-10). "'Guns, Goons, Gold' Time in Philippines : Elections: Authorities brace for traditional violence and cheating as campaigns get under way". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  3. ^ An anarchy of families : state and family in the Philippines. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. 2009. ISBN 9780299229849. OCLC 223848773.
  4. ^ Morallo, Audrey. "Sabotaging the System | 31 years of amnesia". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  5. ^ "Protecting the vote". Sun Star Philippines. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  6. ^ Smith, Tom (2010-05-05). "Philippine election plays more like a soap opera". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  7. ^ Rood, Steven (2010-05-12). "Philippine Election Update: Results Reported in Record Time, Largely Peaceful, Now What? - The Asia Foundation". The Asia Foundation. Retrieved 2018-07-21.