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Gyaru (Japanese: ギャル) pronounced [ɡʲa̠ꜜɾɯ̟ᵝ], is a Japanese fashion subculture. The term gyaru is a Japanese transliteration of the English slang word gal.[1][2][3][4] The initial meaning as a Japanese slang word during the Shōwa era was similar to the English meaning and referred to a young woman in her late teens to twenties.[5] In the early Shōwa period, the term Gyaru was also used in a mocking manner towards young women with a "frivolous" lifestyle (Modern Manga Dictionary (1931)).[5]
The fashion subculture was considered to be nonconformist and a rebelling against Japanese social and aesthetic standards[6] during a time when women were expected to be housewives and fit Asian beauty standards of pale skin and dark hair. For Japanese women who saw those who participated in this fashion during its rise, they considered it a fashion style too racy and freewheeling; with some feeling it caused a ruckus, juvenile delinquency and frivolousness among teenage girls.[7] Its popularity peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s. They are also known for partying and clubbing, being rather provocative, being flirtatious, and unwinding and having fun.
The male equivalent of a gyaru is a gyaruo.
- ^ Evers, Izumi; Macias, Patrick (July 1, 2010). Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno: Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-7885-2.
- ^ Miller, Laura; Bardsley, Jan (December 10, 2005). Bad Girls of Japan. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6946-0.
- ^ Apter, Emily (2006). The Translation Zone:A New Comparative Literature. Princeton University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-6910-4997-7.
- ^ "ギャル について". www.kotoba.ne.jp. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
- ^ a b 日本国語大辞典,デジタル大辞泉, 精選版. "ギャルとは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Hillstock, Cara (September 11, 2012). "Foreign fashions protest societal expectations". The Collegian. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
- ^ Miller, Laura (December 2004). "Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 14 (2): 225–247. doi:10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.225. ProQuest 195127170.