HIV/AIDS

"AIDS" and "Aids" redirect here. For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation).

HIV/AIDS
Other namesHIV disease, HIV infection[1][2]
A red ribbon in the shape of a bow
The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.[3]
SpecialtyInfectious disease, immunology
Symptoms
ComplicationsOpportunistic infections, tumors[4]
DurationLifelong[4]
CausesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[4]
Risk factorsUnprotected anal or vaginal sex, having another sexually transmitted infection, needle sharing, medical procedures involving unsterile cutting or piercing, and experiencing needlestick injury[4]
Diagnostic methodBlood tests[4]
PreventionUsing male or female condom during sex,[5] being tested for HIV and sexually transmitted infections,[5] having a voluntary medical male circumcision,[5] using harm reduction services for people who inject and use drugs,[5] antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) (including oral Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and long acting products,[5] dapivirine vaginal rings,[5] injectable long acting cabotegravir, etc.[5] post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)[5] safe sex
TreatmentAntiretroviral drugs (ARVs)[4]
Prognosis
  • Normal life expectancy with treatment[5]
  • 11 years life expectancy without treatment[6]
Frequency
  • 71.3–112.8 million total cases[7]
  • 1.3 million new cases (2022)[7]
  • 39.9 million living with HIV (2022)[7]
Deaths
  • 42.3 million total deaths[7]
  • 630,000 (2023)[7]

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[8][9][10] is a retrovirus[11] that attacks the immune system. It is a preventable disease.[5] There is no vaccine or cure for HIV. It can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition.[5] While there is no cure or vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and enable people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.[5][12] An HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it.[13][12] Effective treatment for HIV-positive people (people living with HIV) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the viral load undetectable. Without treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[13]

Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made.[14] An HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.[15][16] Campaigns by UNAIDS and organizations around the world have communicated this as Undetectable = Untransmittable.[17] Without treatment the infection can interfere with the immune system, and eventually progress to AIDS, sometimes taking many years. Following initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness.[4] During this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to pass on the virus. Typically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms.[13] Eventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors which are rare in people who have normal immune function.[4] The late stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss.[13] Without treatment a person living with HIV can expect to live for 11 years.[6] Early testing can show if treatment is needed to stop this progression and to prevent infecting others.

HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal and vaginal sex), contaminated hypodermic needles or blood transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding.[18] Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus.[19] Oral sex has little risk of transmitting the virus.[20] Ways to avoid catching HIV and preventing the spread include safe sex, treatment to prevent infection ("PrEP"), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed ("PEP"),[4] treating those who are infected, and needle exchange programs. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication.[4]

Recognized worldwide in the early 1980s,[21] HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination.[22] The disease also has large economic impacts.[22] There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact.[23] The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion, including the Catholic Church's position not to support condom use as prevention.[24] It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.[25]

HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century.[26] AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade.[21] Between the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2024, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 42.3 million deaths worldwide.[5] In 2023, 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes, an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV and about 39.9 million people worldwide living with HIV, 65% of whom are in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region.[5][7] HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.[27] The United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Gates Foundation have pledged $200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS.[28]

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  21. ^ a b Gallo RC (October 2006). "A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years". Retrovirology. 3 (1): 72. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-72. PMC 1629027. PMID 17054781.
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  28. ^ "NIH launches new collaboration to develop gene-based cures for sickle cell disease and HIV on global scale". National Institutes of Health (NIH). October 23, 2019. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.