Haiti

"Hayti" redirects here. For other uses, see Haiti (disambiguation) and Hayti (disambiguation).

Republic of Haiti
République d'Haïti (French)
Repiblik d Ayiti (Haitian Creole)[1]
Motto: 
"Liberté, égalité, fraternité" (French)[2]
"Libète, Egalite, Fratènite" (Haitian Creole)
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Motto on traditional coat of arms:
"L'union fait la force" (French)
"Inite se fòs" (Haitian Creole)[3]
"Union makes strength"
Anthem: La Dessalinienne (French)
Desalinyèn (Haitian Creole)
"The Dessalines Song"
Capital
and largest city
Port-au-Prince
18°32′N 72°20′W / 18.533°N 72.333°W / 18.533; -72.333
Official languages
Ethnic groups
95% Black
5% Mixed or White[4]
Religion
(2020)[5]
Demonym(s)Haitian
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic under an interim government
Garry Conille (acting)
LegislatureNational Assembly[a]
• Upper house
Senate[a] (vacant)
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies[a] (vacant)
Independence from France
• Independence declared
1 January 1804
• Independence recognized
17 April 1825
22 September 1804
9 March 1806
17 October 1806
• Kingdom
28 March 1811
9 February 1822
• Dissolution
27 February 1844
26 August 1849
• Republic
15 January 1859
28 July 1915 – 1 August 1934
• Independence from the United States
15 August 1934
29 March 1987
Area
• Total
27,750[6] km2 (10,710 sq mi) (143rd)
• Water (%)
0.7
Population
• 2023 estimate
11,470,261[7] (83rd)
• Density
382/km2 (989.4/sq mi) (32nd)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $38.952 billion[8] (144th)
• Per capita
Increase $3,185[8] (174th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $25.986 billion[8] (139th)
• Per capita
Increase $2,125[8] (172nd)
Gini (2012)41.1[9]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Decrease 0.552[10]
medium (158th)
CurrencyGourde (G) (HTG)
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−4 (EDT)
Drives onright
Calling code+509
ISO 3166 codeHT
Internet TLD.ht

Haiti,[b] officially the Republic of Haiti,[c][d] is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic.[17][18] Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean, and with an estimated population of 11.4 million, is the most populous Caribbean country.[19][20][21] The capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince.

Haiti was originally inhabited by the Taíno people.[22] In 1492, Christopher Columbus established the first European settlement in the Americas, La Navidad, on its northeastern coast.[23][24][25][26] The island was part of the Spanish Empire until 1697, when the western portion was ceded to France and became Saint-Domingue, dominated by sugarcane plantations worked by enslaved Africans. The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) led by Toussaint Louverture and later Jean-Jacques Dessalines, made Haiti the first sovereign state in the Caribbean, the second republic in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and the only country in history established by a slave revolt.[27][28][29] The 19th century saw political instability, international isolation, debt to France, and a costly war with the neighboring Dominican Republic. U.S. forces occupied Haiti from 1915 to 1934,[30] followed by dicatorial rule of the Duvalier family (1957–1986). After a coup d'état in 2004, the United Nations intervened. In 2010, a catastrophic earthquake and a deadly cholera outbreak devastated the country.[31] By 2024, Haiti has faced severe economic and political crises, gang activity,[32] and the collapse of its government. With no elected officials remaining, Haiti has been described as a failed state.[33][34]

Haiti is a founding member of the United Nations, Organization of American States (OAS),[35] Association of Caribbean States,[36] and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. In addition to CARICOM, it is a member of the International Monetary Fund,[37] World Trade Organization,[38] and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. Historically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas.[39]

  1. ^ "Konstitisyon Repiblik d Ayiti" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Article 4 of the Constitution". Haiti-reference.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  3. ^ "After The Group Of G8, Now Come G30 Headed By Louko Desir". Haiti Observer. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference CIA_20110303 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050". Pew Research Center. 21 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  6. ^ "Country Summary". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023 – via CIA.gov.
  7. ^ "Haiti". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Haiti)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  9. ^ "Gini Index". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  10. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  11. ^ "Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti 1987". Ufdc.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  12. ^ "Catalogue description Haitian Declaration of Independence". 1 January 1804. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via National Archive of the UK.
  13. ^ "National Archives – Haiti" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  14. ^ La Constitution Impériale du 20 mai 1805[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ "Remember Haiti | Revolution | Royaume d'Hayti. Déclaration du roi". brown.edu. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  16. ^ Corbett, Bob, ed. (9 November 2003). "17201: Corbett: Hayti and Haiti in the English language". Webster University. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  17. ^ Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016). Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective. Springer. p. 341. ISBN 978-3-319-33745-6. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  18. ^ Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016). "Current Affairs November 2016 eBook". p. 93. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  19. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  20. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  21. ^ André, Vania (16 June 2024). "6 Fast facts about Haiti and the Caribbean you should know". The Haitian Times. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  22. ^ Lawler, Andrew (23 December 2020). "Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020.
  23. ^ Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492". The American Historical Review: 854–865. doi:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854. ISSN 0002-8762.
  24. ^ Maclean, Frances (January 2008). "The Lost Fort of Columbus". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  25. ^ "Haïti histoire – 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade". Nilstremmel.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  26. ^ "En Bas Saline". Florida Museum of Natural History. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  27. ^ Danticat, Edwidge (2005). "Anacaona, Golden Flower". Journal of Haitian Studies. 11 (2). New York: Scholastic Inc.: 163–165. ISBN 978-0-439-49906-4. JSTOR 41715319.
  28. ^ Matthewson, Tim (1996). "Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 140 (1): 22–48. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 987274.
  29. ^ "Country profile: Haiti". BBC News. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  30. ^ Benjamin Beede (1994). The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia (May 1, 1994 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. pp. 784. ISBN 0-8240-5624-8. - p 223
    The Haitian and U.S. governments reached a mutually satisfactory agreement in the Executive Accord of August 7, 1933, and on August 15, the last marines departed.
  31. ^ Shellenberger, Michael (22 September 2022). "Haiti Riots Triggered By IMF Advice To Cut Fuel Subsidies". Forbes. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  32. ^ Taylor, Luke (18 October 2022). "Haiti on verge of collapse, NGOs warn as UN talks on restoring order continue". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  33. ^ Taylor, Luke (11 January 2023). "Haiti left with no elected government officials as it spirals towards anarchy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  34. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (3 May 2023). "As violence in Haiti worsens, Canada bets on assistance to police". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  35. ^ "OAS – Member State: Haiti". oas.org. OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development. 1 August 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  36. ^ "Association of Caribbean States (1994–2014)" (PDF). 2014. p. 46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  37. ^ "International Monetary Fund: List of Members". imf.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  38. ^ "WTO ¦ World Trade Organization: Members and Observers". wto.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  39. ^ "United Nations Human Development Insights". Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2024.


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