Hallucination

For other uses, see Hallucination (disambiguation).
"Hallucinate" redirects here. For the song, see Hallucinate (song).
Hallucination
My eyes at the moment of the apparitions by August Natterer, a German artist who created many drawings of his hallucinations
SpecialtyPsychiatry
CausesHypnagogia, Peduncular hallucinosis, Delirium tremens, Parkinson's disease, Delusion, Lewy body dementia, Charles Bonnet syndrome, hallucinogens, sensory deprivation, schizophrenia, psychedelics, sleep paralysis, drug intoxication or withdrawal, sleep deprivation, epilepsy, psychological stress, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, fever,[1] covert weaponry[2][3]
TreatmentCognitive behavioral therapy[4] and metacognitive training[5]
MedicationAntipsychotic, AAP

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality.[6] They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), which does not involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; and mental imagery, which does not mimic real perception, and is under voluntary control.[7] Hallucinations also differ from "delusional perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional significance.[8]

Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. Hallucinations are referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.[9][10]

A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject. 55% of auditory hallucinations are malicious in content,[11] for example, people talking about the subject, not speaking to them directly. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject. This can produce a feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent.[12][13] Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together.[14]

Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. Hallucinations can be associated with drug use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, psychosis, neurological disorders, and delirium tremens. Many hallucinations happen also during sleep paralysis.[15]

The word "hallucination" itself was introduced into the English language by the 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 from the derivation of the Latin word alucinari meaning to wander in the mind. For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is "depraved and receive[s] its objects erroneously".[16]

  1. ^ Adamis D, Treloar A, Martin FC, Macdonald AJ (December 2007). "A brief review of the history of delirium as a mental disorder". History of Psychiatry. 18 (72 Pt 4): 459–69. doi:10.1177/0957154X07076467. PMID 18590023. S2CID 24424207.
  2. ^ "Russian Navy has new weapon that makes targets hallucinate, vomit: Report". 4 February 2019.
  3. ^ Patterson C, Procter N (2023-05-24). "Hallucinations in the movies tend to be about chaos, violence and mental distress. But they can be positive too". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  4. ^ Turner DT, Burger S, Smit F, Valmaggia LR, van der Gaag M (March 2020). "What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence for Case Formulation-Driven CBT for Psychosis? Cumulative Meta-analysis of the Effect on Hallucinations and Delusions". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 46 (5): 1072–1085. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa045. PMC 7505201. PMID 32221536.
  5. ^ Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M (March 2022). "Immediate and Sustained Outcomes and Moderators Associated With Metacognitive Training for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Psychiatry. 79 (5): 417–429. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277. PMC 8943641. PMID 35320347.
  6. ^ El-Mallakh RS, Walker KL (2010). "Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations". Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 73 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34. PMID 20235616. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  7. ^ Chiu LP (1989). "Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association. t 41 (3): 292–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  8. ^ Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J (2022-03-21). "Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again". Schizophrenia. 8 (1): 27. doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9. ISSN 2754-6993. PMC 8938488. PMID 35314712.
  9. ^ Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, et al. (January 2021). "A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 47 (1): 237–248. doi:10.31219/osf.io/zebxv. PMC 7825001. PMID 32772114. S2CID 243338891.
  10. ^ Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D (November 2018). "Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations". Psychiatry Research. 269: 25–30. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032. PMID 30145297. S2CID 52092886.
  11. ^ Waters F (30 December 2014). "Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations". Psychiatric Times. Vol 31 No 12. 31 (12). Archived from the original on 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  12. ^ "The Sense of Being Stared At -- Part 1: Is it Real or Illusory?".
  13. ^ "Auditory Hallucinations". clevelandclinic.org.
  14. ^ Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, et al. (July 2014). "Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 40 (4): S233–S245. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu036. PMC 4141306. PMID 24936084.
  15. ^ Jalal B (November 2018). "The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug". Psychopharmacology. 235 (11): 3083–3091. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1. PMC 6208952. PMID 30288594.
  16. ^ Browne T (1646). "XVIII: That Moles are blinde and have no eyes". Pseudodoxia Epidemica. Vol. III.