Hantzsch pyridine synthesis

Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
Named after Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch
Reaction type Ring forming reaction
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal hantzsch-dihydropyridine-synthesis
RSC ontology ID RXNO:0000268

The Hantzsch pyridine synthesis or Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis is a multi-component organic reaction between an aldehyde such as formaldehyde, 2 equivalents of a β-keto ester such as ethyl acetoacetate and a nitrogen donor such as ammonium acetate or ammonia.[1][2] The initial reaction product is a dihydropyridine which can be oxidized in a subsequent step to a pyridine.[3] The driving force for this second reaction step is aromatization. This reaction was reported in 1881 by Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch.

A 1,4-dihydropyridine dicarboxylate is also called a 1,4-DHP compound or a Hantzsch ester. These compounds are an important class of calcium channel blockers[2] and as such commercialized in for instance nifedipine, amlodipine or nimodipine.

The reaction has been demonstrated to proceed in water as reaction solvent and with direct aromatization by ferric chloride, manganese dioxide or potassium permanganate in a one-pot synthesis.[4]

Hantzsch reaction with ammonium acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, formaldehyde and ferric chloride
Hantzsch reaction with ammonium acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, formaldehyde and ferric chloride

The Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis has been effected by microwave chemistry.[5]

  1. ^ Hantzsch, A. (1881). "Condensationprodukte aus Aldehydammoniak und Ketonartigen Verbindungen". Chemische Berichte. 14 (2): 1637–8. doi:10.1002/cber.18810140214.
  2. ^ a b Li, Jie Jack (19 July 2006). Name Reactions (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN 3-540-30030-9.
  3. ^ Li, Jie Jack (11 October 2004). Name reactions in heterocyclic chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. p. 304. ISBN 0-471-30215-5.
  4. ^ Xia, J. J.; Wang, G. W. (2005). "One-Pot Synthesis and Aromatization of 1,4-Dihydropyridines in Refluxing Water". Synthesis. 2005 (14): 2379–83. doi:10.1055/s-2005-870022.
  5. ^ van den Eynde, J. J.; Mayence, A. (2003). "Synthesis and Aromatization of Hantzsch 1,4-Dihydropyridines under Microwave Irradiation. An Overview" (PDF). Molecules. 8 (4): 381–91. doi:10.3390/80400381. S2CID 98443099.