Haplogroup B-M60

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup B (mtDNA).
Haplogroup B
Possible time of origin100,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of originAfrica,[2] region unknown
AncestorBT
DescendantsPrimary: B1 (M236), B2 (M182), B3 (L1387);
Subclades of the above include: B1a (M146); B2b (M112); B2a1a1a1 (M109)
Defining mutationsM60, M181/Page32, P85, P90, V62, V75, V78, V83, V84, V85, V90, V93, V94, V185, V197, V217, V227, V234, V237, and V44
Highest frequenciesBaka 63% (Gabon & Cameroon)[3] - 72% (CAR),[4] Hadzabe (Tanzania) 52%[5]-60%,[6] Nuer (South Sudan) 50%,[7] Mbuti (DRC) 33%[8]-60%,[4] Biaka (CAR) 35%[8]-55%,[4] Central Africa 32%,[9] Tsumkwe San (Namibia) 31%,[4] Khoisan 28%,[9] Shilluk (South Sudan) 27%,[7] Burunge (Tanzania) 25%,[6] Dinka (South Sudan) 23%,[7] Ngumba (Cameroon) 23%[4]-33%,[3] Eviya (Gabon) 21%,[3] Fali (Cameroon) 18%,[8] Sotho–Tswana (South Africa) 18%,[4] Zulu (South Africa) 17%,[4] Eshira (Gabon) 17%,[3] Shake (Gabon) 16%,[3] Hausa (Sudan) 16%,[7] Sukuma (Tanzania) 16%,[5] Bakola (Cameroon) 15%[4]-36%,[3] Copts (Sudan) 15%,[7] Sudan 15%,[9] Kunama (Eritrea) 15%,[10] Tutsi (Rwanda) 15%,[11] Sandawe (Tanzania) 15%,[6] Uldeme (Cameroon) 5%[8]-31%,[4] Nuba (Sudan) 14%,[7] Makina (Gabon) 14%,[3] Southern Africa 13%,[9] Mali 11%,[9] Ewondo (Cameroon) 10%,[8] Ethiopia 10%,[9] Shona (Zimbabwe) 10%[4] Qeshmi (Iran) 8.2%,[12] Bandari (Iran) 2.3%,[12] Hazara (Afghanistan) 5.1%,[13]

Haplogroup B (M60) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup common to paternal lineages in Africa. It is a primary branch of the haplogroup BT.

B (M60) is common in parts of Africa, especially the tropical forests of West-Central Africa. It was the ancestral haplogroup of not only modern Pygmies like the Baka and Mbuti, but also Hadzabe from Tanzania, who often have been considered, in large part because of some typological features of their language, to be a remnant of Khoisan people in East Africa.

  1. ^ Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
  2. ^ Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011). "A Revised Root for the Human y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 88 (6): 814–818. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002. PMC 3113241. PMID 21601174.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference BerniellLee2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cite error: The named reference Wood2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Knight2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Tishkoff2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Hassan2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference Cruciani2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Underhill2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Daniele Sellitto et al., "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages," European Journal of Human Genetics (2010), 1–8
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Luis2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b Viola Grugni, Vincenza Battaglia, Baharak Hooshiar Kashani, Silvia Parolo, Nadia Al-Zahery, et al. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East : New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians" (2012)
  13. ^ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events" (2012)