Haplogroup K2

This article is about the Y-chromosome haplogroup K2. For mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K2, see Haplogroup K (mtDNA). For the Y-DNA haplogroup known until 2008 as K2, see Haplogroup T (Y-DNA). For the haplogroup sometimes known as "K-P256", see Haplogroup M-P256.

Haplogroup K2
Possible time of origin47,000-50,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of originSoutheast Asia[2][3]
AncestorK
DescendantsK2a (M2308); K2b (MPS); K2c; K2d; K2e.
Defining mutationsrs2033003 (M526)

Haplogroup K2, also known as K-M526 and formerly known as K(xLT) and MNOPS,[4] is a human Y-DNA haplogroup.

Relative to its age, the internal structure of K2 is extremely complex, and subclades of it are carried by males native to regions including Australasia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, the Americas, Europe, and the Horn of Africa. Many of its branches are very common, the most numerically important being R in Europe and South Asia and O in East and Southeast Asia (as well as recent immigrants to other continents). Haplogroups N and Q, while they are less common overall, are also very widespread, in northern Eurasia and the Americas respectively. M and S are almost entirely restricted to Oceania and eastern Indonesia, where they occur at high frequency.

Rare subclades outside of these major lineages are known mainly from Island Southeast Asia (including the Andaman Islands and the Philippines).

Basal paragroup K2* has been identified among native Australians, about 27% of them carry basal K-M526∗.[5]

K2a* has been found only in Upper Paleolithic remains from western Siberia and the Balkans, known respectively as "Ust'-Ishim man" and "Oase-1".[6] The only primary branch of K2a, known as K-M2313*, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to South Asia and South East Asia respectively: a Telugu from India and an ethnic Malay from Singapore. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India.[7] Another subclade, NO (M214)* – which for a time was thought to be synonymous with K2a (M2308)* – has not been identified in living individuals or remains.

Basal paragroup K2b* has not been identified among living males but was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man from China.[8] K2b1 (P397/P399) known previously as Haplogroup MS, and Haplogroup P (P-P295), also known as K2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b.

According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1, which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2, which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[9]

Population geneticist Tatiana Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that both K2b1 and P* are virtually restricted geographically to South East Asia and Oceania.[2] Whereas, in a striking contrast, P1 (P-M45) and its primary subclades Q and R now make up "the most frequent haplogroup in Europe, the Americas, and Central Asia and South Asia". According to Karafet et al., the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, K2b and P point to a "rapid diversification" within K2 "that likely occurred in Southeast Asia", with subsequent "westward expansions" of P*, P1, Q and R.[2] However, these authors also stipulated that haplogroup K might have arisen in Eurasia and later went extinct there, and that either origin hypothesis is "equally parsimonious".[10]

  1. ^ Fu, Qiaomei; Li, Heng; Moorjani, Priya; Jay, Flora; Slepchenko, Sergey M.; Bondarev, Aleksei A.; Johnson, Philip L. F.; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Prüfer, Kay; de Filippo, Cesare; Meyer, Matthias; Zwyns, Nicolas; Salazar-García, Domingo C.; Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.; Keates, Susan G.; Kosintsev, Pavel A.; Razhev, Dmitry I.; Richards, Michael P.; Peristov, Nikolai V.; Lachmann, Michael; Douka, Katerina; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Slatkin, Montgomery; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Reich, David; Kelso, Janet; Viola, T. Bence; Pääbo, Svante (October 2014). "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia". Nature. 514 (7523): 445–449. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..445F. doi:10.1038/nature13810. PMC 4753769. PMID 25341783.
  2. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Karafet2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2021). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human y chromosomes". Human Genetics. 140 (2): 299–307. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. PMC 7864842. PMID 32666166.
  4. ^ Chiaroni, Jacques; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L. (2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". PNAS. 106 (48): 20174–9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620174C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
  5. ^ Bergström, Anders; Nagle, Nano; Chen, Yuan; McCarthy, Shane; Pollard, Martin O.; Ayub, Qasim; Wilcox, Stephen; Wilcox, Leah; van Oorschot, Roland A.H.; McAllister, Peter; Williams, Lesley; Xue, Yali; Mitchell, R. John; Tyler-Smith, Chris (21 March 2016). "Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes". Current Biology. 26 (6): 809–813. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028. PMC 4819516. PMID 26923783.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference poznik was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference F549 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ "Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data (compiled from published papers) | David Reich Lab". reich.hms.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  9. ^ Wells, Spencer (20 November 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
  10. ^ Karafet et al. 2015"This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of subhaplogroups R and Q into mainland Asia. An alternative explanation would involve an extinction event of ancestral P-P295* chromosomes everywhere in Asia. These scenarios are equally parsimonious. They involve either a migration event (P* chromosomes from Indonesia to mainland Asia) or an extinction event of P-P295* paragroup in Eurasia."