Haplogroup K2a (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2a
Possible time of originapproximately 47,000 years BP.[1][2][3] (Based on the immediate ancestor K2 originating 47,000–55,000 BP,[4] and the secondary descendant NO approximately 38,000 to 47,000 BP.)
Possible place of originCentral Asia[5] or Southeast Asia[4]
AncestorK2 (M526)
DescendantsSole primary subclade:
K-M2313 (M2313);[3]

Confirmed secondary subclades:

  • NO1 (a.k.a. NO-M214)
  • K-Y28299 (a.k.a. NO2)[3]
Defining mutationsM2308, Z4842[6]
Hypothetical migration routes of haplogroup K and its subclades.

Haplogroup K2a (M2308, Z4842) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. K2a is a primary subclade of haplogroup K2 (M526), which in turn is a primary descendant of haplogroup K (M9). Its sole primary descendant is haplogroup K-M2313 (M2313, Z4858 S11799).[3][7]

As of 2020, K-M2313 is known to have two primary subclades: Haplogroup NO1 (a.k.a. NO-M214), which has numerous members and the extremely rare K-Y28299,[3] sometimes known as NO2.

Basal, undivergent K2a* (K-M2308*) has been found only in the remains of two Upper Paleolithic individuals, known as "Ust'-Ishim man and "Oase-1",[3] who lived in Siberia and the Banat region of south-central Europe, respectively, about 37–45 ky BP. No examples of K-M2313* or NO1* (NO-M214*) have been identified in living males or remains. However, subclades of NO1 include a majority of living males in East Asia, Northern Eurasia and South East Asia. K-Y28299 has been found in three living individuals from India.[8] Another two other living males, who have been documented as belonging to K-M2313(xM214), have not been tested for Y28299 (and therefore may belong to K-Y28299). These K-M2313(xM214) individuals have ethnic ties to South Asia and South East Asia respectively: a Telugu from India and an ethnic Malay from Singapore.

  1. ^ YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.06 at 25 September 2017
  2. ^ Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015). "", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Poznik, G David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L; Willems, Thomas F; Massaia, Andrea; Wilson Sayres, Melissa A; Ayub, Qasim; McCarthy, Shane A; Narechania, Apurva; Kashin, Seva; Chen, Yuan; Banerjee, Ruby; Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L; Cerezo, Maria; Shao, Haojing; Gymrek, Melissa; Malhotra, Ankit; Louzada, Sandra; Desalle, Rob; Ritchie, Graham R S; Cerveira, Eliza; Fitzgerald, Tomas W; Garrison, Erik; Marcketta, Anthony; Mittelman, David; Romanovitch, Mallory; Zhang, Chengsheng; Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun; Abecasis, Gonçalo R; McCarroll, Steven A; Flicek, Paul; Underhill, Peter A; Coin, Lachlan; Zerbino, Daniel R; Yang, Fengtang; Lee, Charles; Clarke, Laura; Auton, Adam; Erlich, Yaniv; Handsaker, Robert E; Bustamante, Carlos D; Tyler-Smith, Chris (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
  4. ^ a b Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Hammer, Michael F. (March 2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
  5. ^ Wells, Spencer (20 November 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
  6. ^ Genetic Homeland, 2018, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y M2308 (6 March 2018).
  7. ^ Genetic Homeland, 2018, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y M2313 (6 March 2018).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference F549 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).