Haplogroup M (mtDNA)

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup M-P256.

Haplogroup M
Possible time of originca. 55,000-65,000 years ago[1] or 50,000-65,000 years ago[2]
Possible place of originSouth Asia,[3][4][5][6][7][8] Southwest Asia,[2][1] Southeast Asia,[9][10] or East Africa[11][12]
AncestorL3
DescendantsM1, M2, M3, M4'45, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10'42, M12'G, M13, M14, M15, M21, M27, M28, M29'Q, M31'32, M33, M34, M35, M36, M39, M40, M41, M44, M46, M47'50, M48, M49, M51, D
Defining mutations263, 489, 10400, 14783, 15043[13]

Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.

All mtDNA haplogroups considered native outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup M or its sibling haplogroup N.[14] Haplogroup M is relatively young, having a younger most recent common ancestor date than some subclades of haplogroup N such as haplogroup R.[15]

  1. ^ a b Soares, P.; Alshamali, F.; Pereira, J. B.; Fernandes, V.; Silva, N. M.; Afonso, C.; Costa, M. D.; Musilova, E.; Macaulay, V.; Richards, M. B.; Cerny, V.; Pereira, L. (March 2012). "The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (3): 915–927. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr245. PMID 22096215.
  2. ^ a b Vai S, Sarno S, Lari M, Luiselli D, Manzi G, Gallinaro M, Mataich S, Hübner A, Modi A, Pilli E, Tafuri MA, Caramelli D, di Lernia S (March 2019). "Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara". Sci Rep. 9 (1): 3530. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.3530V. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1. PMC 6401177. PMID 30837540.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rajkumar et al. was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Abu-Amero2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Kivisild, M; Kivisild, T; Metspalu, E; Parik, J; Hudjashov, G; Kaldma, K; Serk, P; Karmin, M; Behar, DM; Gilbert, M Thomas P; Endicott, Phillip; Mastana, Sarabjit; Papiha, Surinder S; Skorecki, Karl; Torroni, Antonio; Villems, Richard (2004). "Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans". BMC Genetics. 5: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26. PMC 516768. PMID 15339343.
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  9. ^ Marrero, Patricia; Abu-Amero, Khaled K.; Larruga, Jose M.; Cabrera, Vicente M. (2016). "Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 246. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16..246M. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0816-8. PMC 5105315. PMID 27832758.
  10. ^ Quintana-Murci, Lluís; et al. (1999). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  11. ^ Chandrasekar, Adimoolam; Kumar, Satish; Sreenath, Jwalapuram; Sarkar, Bishwa Nath; Urade, Bhaskar Pralhad; Mallick, Sujit; Bandopadhyay, Syam Sundar; Barua, Pinuma; Barik, Subihra Sankar; Basu, Debasish; Kiran, Uttaravalli; Gangopadhyay, Prodyot; Sahani, Ramesh; Prasad, Bhagavatula Venkata Ravi; Gangopadhyay, Shampa; Lakshmi, Gandikota Rama; Ravuri, Rajasekhara Reddy; Padmaja, Koneru; Venugopal, Pulamaghatta N.; Sharma, Madhu Bala; Rao, Vadlamudi Raghavendra (2009). "Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7447. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7447C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007447. PMC 2757894. PMID 19823670.
  12. ^ Osman, Maha M.; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Elnour, Mohammed A.; Makkan, Heeran; Gebremeskel, Eyoab Iyasu; Gais, Thoyba; Koko, Mahmoud E.; Soodyall, Himla; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (February 2021). "Mitochondrial HVRI and whole mitogenome sequence variations portray similar scenarios on the genetic structure and ancestry of northeast Africans". Meta Gene. 27: 100837. doi:10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100837.
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  15. ^ Fregel, R; Cabrera, V; Larruga, JM; Abu-Amero, KK; González, AM (2015). "Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N Lineages Reached Australia around 50,000 Years Ago following a Northern Asian Route". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0129839. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1029839F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129839. PMC 4460043. PMID 26053380.