Haplogroup N-M231

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup N (mtDNA).
Haplogroup N
Possible time of origin36,800 [95% CI 34,300–39,300] years before present (YFull[1])

44,700 or 38,300 ybp depending on mutation rate[2]

41,900 [95% CI 40,175-43,591] ybp[3]
Coalescence age21,700 [95% CI 19,500–23,900] ybp (YFull[1])

25,313 [95% CI 21,722–28,956] ybp[3]
Possible place of originNorthern East Asia[4][5]
AncestorNO
Defining mutationsM231
Highest frequenciesNganassan 58%[3]–94.1%,[6] Yakuts 81.8%[7]–94.6%,[8] Khakass (Shirinsky District) 90.2%,[9] Siberian Tatars 33.5% (Zabolotnie 89.5%, Iskero-Tobol 23.5%, Tatar-Bukharans 16.5%, Yalutorov 16.3%, Ishtyak-Tokuz 14.5%[10]), Ugrians 77.8%[3] (Khanty 64.3%[11]–89.3%,[12] Mansi 76%[12]), Udmurts 77.8%,[3] Khakas 41%[3]–65%,[11] Komi 33.3%[11]–79.5%,[6] Nenets 75%–92.9%[3] (Tundra Nenets 97.9%,[6] Forest Nenets 98.8%[6]), Vepsians 55%,[3] Finns 42.6% (West)[13]–70.9% (East)[13] or approx. 54%[3]–58.8%,[14] Tuvans 27.2–54.5%,[citation needed] Nanai 46.2%[3][15][16] (20% Hezhe in the PRC,[15] 44.6% Nanai in Russia,[3] 83.8% members of the Samar clan in the Gorin area of the Khabarovsk Territory[16]), Karelians 37.1%[5]–53.8%,[13] Arkhangelsk Russians 42.6% (Arkhangelsk 44.3%,[3] Pinega 40.8%[3]), Lithuanians 40.5%[3]–44.5%,[13] Latvians approx. 42% (41.6%,[13] 42.1%,[17] 43.0%[3]), Mari 41.2%,[3] Saami 40%, Chuvash 33.7%[14]–36%,[3] Buryats 34.5% (20.2%,[18] 25.0%,[19] 30.9%,[20] 48.0%[21]>), Koryaks 33.3%,[6] Estonians 30.6%[3]-33.9%,[13] Volga Tatars 27.8%,[3] Teleuts 25.0%,[6] Northern Altaians 21.8% (18.0%[11][22]–24.6%[23]), Pskov Russians 22.7%,[3] Russians 20%[24] Bashkirs 17.3%,[3] Sibe 17.1%[15]–18.0%,[25] Mordvins 12.5% (10%[3]–13.3%[3]), Mongols 11%,[26][20][15][19][27][28] Kalmyks 10.4% (Torguud 3.4%, Derbet 5.1%, Buzava 5.3%, Khoshut 38.2%),[29][28] Manchus 10% (5.8%,[20] 8.1%,[30] 9.1%,[25] 11.6%,[25] 12.5%,[25] 14.3%[15]), Belarusians 9.7%,[3] Central-Southern Russians 9.1% (Tver 13.2%,[31] Kursk 12.5%[31]–13.3%,[3] Belgorod 11.9%,[3] Kostroma 11.8%,[3] Smolensk 7.0%,[3] Voronezh 6.3%,[3] Oryol 5.5%[3]), Ukrainians 9.0%,[3] Southern Altaians 7.1% (4.2%[23]-9.7%[11]), Mulam 7.1%,[32] Sweden 6.8%[14] (0% Västra Götaland, Halland, Malmö, and Jönköping[33] - 19.5% Västerbotten[34]), Han Chinese 6.77% (0% to 21.4%),[25] Koreans 6.58% (4.41% to 12%) 12% Koreans,[35] 6.58% Koreans from KPGP(Korean Genome Project),[36] 6.9% Jeju[19] 6.4% Gochang [37] 6.3% Gangwon [19] 5.7% North Korean [38] 4.8% Gyeongsang,[19] 4.4% Jeolla,[19] 4.2% Chungcheong,[19] 4.0% Seoul,[39] 3.0% Daejeon,[39] 1.8% Seoul-Gyeonggi,[19] Ulchi 5.8%,[40] Tibetans 5.65%,[41] Kazakhs 5.33% [42] (Suan 0%, Qangly 0%, Oshaqty 0%, Jetyru 1.2%, Dulat 1.6%, Argyn 2.0%, Alimuly 2.5%, Ysty 3.5%, Baiuly 3.9%, Alban 4.3%, Qongyrat 7.4%, Qypshaq 10.3%, Jalair 10.9%, Qozha 16.7%, Syrgeli 65.6%), Northern Thai 5.2%,[43] Uyghurs 4.89% (2.8%,[44] 4.8%,[25] 4.99%,[45] 6.0%,[20] 8.6%[15]), Kyrgyz 3.9% (2.8% Kyzylsu,[46] 3.3% Kyzylsu,[47] 4.5% Kyrgyzstan,[27] 10% Urumqi[46]), Vietnamese 3.4%, Japanese 1.9% (0%,[2] 0.8%,[48] 0.9%,[49] 1.7%,[50] 2.5%,[19] 4.3%,[51] 4.8%,[20] 6.4%[15])

Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.[Phylogenetics 1]

It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. It also has been observed at lower frequencies in populations native to other regions, including parts of the Balkans, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

However, the basal paragroup N* has only been found in populations indigenous to China and Cambodia.[4] Subclades of N-M231 have been found at low levels in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, Southwest Asia and the Balkans. These factors tend to suggest that it originated in East Asia or Southeast Asia.

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