Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup X Possible time of origin ca. 45,000–20,000 years ago[ 1] Possible place of origin Near East [ 2] Ancestor N Descendants X1, X2 Defining mutations 73, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16189, 16223, 16278[ 3]
Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup . It is found in North America , Europe , Western Asia , North Africa , and the Horn of Africa .
A mtDNA -based map of major human migrations.
Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum ). It is in turn ancestral to subclades X2 and X1, which arose c. 16-21 thousand and c. 14-24 thousand years ago, respectively.[ 1]
^ a b
X is estimated at 31.8+12.8 −12.1 kya (95% CI ) in: "Supplementary Materials, Document S1" in: Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Macaulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin B. (12 June 2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock" . American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 (6): 740–759. doi :10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 . PMC 2694979 . PMID 19500773 .
^ Havaš Auguštin, Dubravka; Šarac, Jelena; Reidla, Maere; Tamm, Erika; Grahovac, Blaženka; Kapović, Miljenko; Novokmet, Natalija; Rudan, Pavao; Missoni, Saša; Marjanović, Damir; Korolija, Marina (August 2023). "Refining the Global Phylogeny of Mitochondrial N1a, X, and HV2 Haplogroups Based on Rare Mitogenomes from Croatian Isolates" . Genes . 14 (8): 1614. doi :10.3390/genes14081614 . ISSN 2073-4425 . PMC 10454736 . PMID 37628665 .
^ van Oven M, Kayser M (February 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" . Human Mutation . 30 (2): E386–394. doi :10.1002/humu.20921 . PMID 18853457 . S2CID 27566749 .