Harbin
哈尔滨市 Ha'erbin, Haerhpin | |
|---|---|
| Nicknames: Ice City, Oriental Paris, Oriental Moscow, The pearl on the swan's neck | |
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.png) Location of Harbin City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey) | |
  Harbin Location of the city center in Heilongjiang  Harbin Harbin (China) | |
| Coordinates (Heilongjiang Provincial Museum): 45°45′27″N 126°38′27″E / 45.7576°N 126.6409°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Heilongjiang |
| County-level divisions | 18 divisions,[1] including 9 urban districts, 2 County-level cities and 7 counties |
| Settled | before 1115 |
| Incorporated - Town | 1898 |
| - County | 1905-10-31 |
| - Municipality | 1921-02-05 |
| Municipal seat | Songbei District |
| Government | |
| • Type | Sub-provincial city |
| • Body | Harbin Municipal People's Congress |
| • CCP Secretary | Wang Zhaoli |
| • Congress Chairman | Zhao Ming |
| • Mayor | Sun Zhe |
| • CPPCC Chairman | Qin Enting |
| Area | |
| 53,068 km2 (20,490 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,454.5 km2 (947.7 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 10,204.8 km2 (3,940.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 150 m (488 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[3] | |
| 10,009,854 | |
| • Density | 190/km2 (490/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 6,976,136 |
| • Urban density | 2,800/km2 (7,400/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 5,841,929 |
| • Metro density | 570/km2 (1,500/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Harbinite, Harbinese |
| GDP | |
| • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city | CN¥ 575.1 billion US$ 92.3 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 59,027 US$ 9,477 |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 150000 |
| Area code | 451 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HL-01 |
| License plate prefixes | 黑A, 黑L |
| Climate | Dwa |
| City flowers | Lilac |
| Website | Harbin Official Website |
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| Harbin | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 哈尔滨 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 哈爾濱 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Hā'ěrbīn | ||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | (Manchu) "Place of drying fishnets" or (Jurchen language) "Swan" | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Manchu name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Manchu script | ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Romanization | Harbin | ||||||||||||||||||
| Russian name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Russian | |||||||||||||||||||
| Romanization | Kharbin | ||||||||||||||||||
Harbin[a] is the capital of Heilongjiang, China. It is the largest city of Heilongjiang, as well as being the city with the second-largest urban population (after Shenyang, Liaoning province) and largest metropolitan population (urban and rural regions together) in Northeast China.[6] Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts, two county-level cities and seven counties, and is the eighth most populous Chinese city according to the 2020 census. The built-up area of Harbin (which consists of all districts except Shuangcheng and Acheng) had 5,841,929 inhabitants, while the total metropolitan population was up to 10,009,854, making it one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world.
Several differerent etymologies have been offered for the city's name. The city government says the name means "swan" in the Jurchen language,[7] and other sources says that it means a Manchu word meaning "a place for drying fishing nets".[8][9] The settlement grew from a small rural fishing village on the Songhua River to become one of the largest cities in Northeast China. Founded in 1898 with the coming of the Russian-built Chinese Eastern Railway, the city first prospered as a settlement inhabited by an overwhelming majority of immigrants from the Russian Empire.[10] In the 1920s, the city was considered China's fashion capital since new designs from Paris and Moscow reached here first before arriving in Shanghai.[11] From 1932 until 1945, Harbin was the largest city in the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
Known for its bitterly cold winters, Harbin is heralded as the Ice City (冰城) for its winter tourism and recreations.[12] Harbin is notable for its ice sculpture festival in the winter.[13] Being well known for its historical Russian legacy and architecture, the city is famed for its European influence[14] and serves as an important gateway in Sino-Russian trade today.[15] Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications hub in Northeast China, as well as an important industrial base of the nation.[8] The city was voted "China Top Tourist City" by the China National Tourism Administration in 2004.[8]
Harbin is one of the top 50 cities and metropolitan areas in the world by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index.[16] The city hosts several major universities in Northeast China, including Harbin Engineering, Harbin Medical, Northeast Agricultural, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin Normal, Northeast Forestry, and Heilongjiang.[17] Notably, Harbin Institute of Technology is consistently ranked as one of the best universities in the world for engineering.[18]
- ^ "Administrative Divisions". Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ "Survey of the City". Basic Facts. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^ "Harbin". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021.
- ^ "Harbin". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
- ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Heilongjiang". PRC Central Government Official Website. 2001. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ "Searching for Urban Roots". harbin.gov.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ a b c "Harbin (Heilongjiang) City Information". hktdc.com. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ The official guidebook of China. New York, NY: Lee Pub. : A division of Hippocrene Books. 1982. p. 186 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Polishstudywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "China information-Harbin section". Kzzi.com/. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ Jianwei, Wabng (1 February 2014). "People enjoy ice sculptures in Harbin". English.news.cn. Xinhua. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ "Chinese ice sculptures melting". BBC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Zhao, Kiki (4 June 2017). "Chinese City With a Russian Past Struggles to Preserve Its Legacy". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ 王欣欣 (25 December 2013). 哈爾濱打造對俄開放中心城市 (in Chinese). Hong Kong: 香港文匯報. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ "Leading 200 science cities 2024| | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ "US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Harbin". U.S. News & World Report. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Best Global Universities for Engineering". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
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