Hardcore punk

Hardcore punk
Minor Threat performing in 1981
Other names
  • Hardcore
  • hXc
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsLate 1970s to early 1980s, Southern California,[2][3][4][5][6][7] Vancouver, Knoxville,[8] San Francisco,[7][1] Washington, D.C. area[7]
Derivative forms
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Local scenes
Other topics

Hardcore punk (commonly abbreviated to hardcore or hXc) is a punk rock subgenre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock.[8] Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against the still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time. It was also inspired by Washington, D.C., and New York punk rock and early proto-punk.[1] Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the established music industry and "anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock"[14] and often addresses social and political topics with "confrontational, politically charged lyrics".[15]

Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Boston, and New York, as well as in Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight edge movement and its associated sub-movements, hardline and youth crew. Hardcore was heavily involved in the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and with the DIY ethics in underground music scenes. It has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including grunge and thrash metal.

Although the music genre started in English-speaking Western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy and Japan.

  1. ^ a b c Leblanc, Lauraine (1999). Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture. Rutgers University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780813526515.
  2. ^ Ellis, Iain (2008). Rebels Wit Attitude: Subversive Rock Humorists. Counterpoint Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-1593762063.
  3. ^ Thompson, Stacy (February 1, 2012). Punk Productions: Unfinished Business. SUNY Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0791484609.
  4. ^ James F. Short, Lorine A. Hughes (January 1, 2006). Studying Youth Gangs. Rowman Altamira. p. 149. ISBN 978-0759109391.
  5. ^ Moore, Ryan (December 1, 2009). Sells like Teen Spirit: Music, Youth Culture, and Social Crisis. NYU Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0814796030.
  6. ^ Waksman, Steve (January 5, 2009). This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk. University of California Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0520943889.
  7. ^ a b c Chapman, Roger (2010). Culture Wars. M.E. Sharpe. p. 449. ISBN 978-0765622501.
  8. ^ a b Blush, Stephen (November 9, 2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-71-7.
  9. ^ Weisbard, Eric, ed. (2012). Pop When the World Falls Apart: Music in the Shadow of Doubt. Duke University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0822351085.
  10. ^ Phillips, William & Cogan, Brian (2009). Encyclopedia of heavy metal music. Greenwood Press. pp. 109, 234. ISBN 978-0313348006.
  11. ^ Von Havoc, Felix (January 1, 1984). "Rise of Crust". Profane Existence. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  12. ^ Wise, Lauren (April 14, 2015). "Discover Your Next Favorite Phoenix Metal Band at AZ Brutal Fest". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  13. ^ Hans Verbeke (2019). H8000 Documentary — Anger & Distortion; 1989–1999 (in Dutch).
  14. ^ Milagros Peña, Curry Malott (2004). Punk Rockers' Revolution: A Pedagogy of Race, Class, and Gender. Peter Lang. p. 56. ISBN 9780820461427.
  15. ^ Campbell, Michael. Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. Nelson Education, 2012. p. 360