Harry F. Byrd | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Byrd, c. 1926–1930 | |
| United States Senator from Virginia | |
| In office March 4, 1933 – November 10, 1965 | |
| Preceded by | Claude A. Swanson |
| Succeeded by | Harry F. Byrd Jr. |
| 50th Governor of Virginia | |
| In office February 1, 1926 – January 15, 1930 | |
| Lieutenant | Junius Edgar West |
| Preceded by | Elbert Lee Trinkle |
| Succeeded by | John Garland Pollard |
| Member of the Virginia Senate from the 26th district | |
| In office January 9, 1924 – February 1, 1926 | |
| Preceded by | James M. Dickerson |
| Succeeded by | Joseph S. Denny |
| Member of the Virginia Senate from the 10th district | |
| In office January 12, 1916 – January 9, 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Frank S. Tavenner |
| Succeeded by | Marshall B. Booker |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Harry Flood Byrd June 10, 1887 Martinsburg, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | October 20, 1966 (aged 79) Berryville, Virginia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Mount Hebron Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse |
Anne Douglas Beverley
(m. 1913; died 1964) |
| Children | 4, including Harry Jr. |
| Signature |  |
Harry Flood Byrd Sr. (June 10, 1887 – October 20, 1966) was an American newspaper publisher, politician, and leader of the Democratic Party in Virginia for four decades as head of a political faction that became known as the Byrd Organization. Byrd served as Virginia's governor from 1926 until 1930, then represented the state as a U.S. senator from 1933 until 1965. He came to lead the conservative coalition in the Senate, and opposed President Franklin D. Roosevelt, largely blocking most liberal legislation after 1937.[1] His son Harry Jr. succeeded him as U.S. senator, but ran as an Independent following the decline of the Byrd Organization.
Byrd succeeded to what had been the Virginia Democratic Party organization of U.S. senator Thomas Staples Martin, who died in 1919. Elected the 50th governor of Virginia in 1925, initially Byrd reorganized and modernized Virginia's government. His political machine dominated state politics for much of the first half of the 20th century.[2]
Byrd was vehemently opposed to racial desegregation of the public schools, and was the leader of massive resistance, a campaign of opposition to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education that led to closure of some public schools in Virginia in the 1950s.[3] Students who were denied their education in several Virginia counties became known as the "lost generation".[4] According to Clarence M. Dunnaville Jr., Byrd was a racist and avowed white separatist.[5] Although Byrd paid his black and white workers similarly, he was vehemently opposed to racial desegregation even early in the New Deal, and later opposed Presidents Harry S. Truman and John F. Kennedy as well as losing presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, despite their all being fellow Democrats, because unlike Byrd they opposed racial discrimination within the federal workforce. The Byrd Organization also benefited from limiting the political participation of blacks and poor whites in Virginia by means of poll taxes and literacy tests, but managed to defeat opposition ranging from New Deal governor James H. Price to gubernatorial and senatorial candidate Francis Pickens Miller.[6]
Although Byrd never announced himself as a presidential candidate, he received votes in the 1956 presidential election and 15 electoral votes in the 1960 election.
- ^ Lee, Mordecai (2012). Congress Vs. the Bureaucracy: Muzzling Agency Public Relations. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 211. ISBN 9780806184470.
- ^ Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). Virginia in the Vanguard: Political Leadership in the 400-year-old Cradle of American Democracy, 1981–2006. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 9780742552104.
- ^ Lassiter, Matthew D. (2017). "The Open Schools Revolt: The Southern Regional Council and the Construction of the Moderate South". In Myers, Andrew; Norrell, Robert (eds.). Historians in Service of a Better South: Essays in Honor of Paul Gaston. NewSouth Books. p. 247. ISBN 978-1603064460. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
- ^ Terence Hicks, Abdul Pitre, eds., The Educational Lockout of African Americans in Prince Edward County (2005), p. 67
- ^ Clarence M. Dunnaville Jr., "Governors Recognized for Historic Contributions", Virginia Lawyer, April 2014, vol. 62, pp. 44–48
- ^ (Heinemann 1996, pp. 261–262)