Hazaras

This article is about the ethnic group of Afghanistan. Not to be confused with the Hindko-speaking Hazarewal people of the Hazara region in Pakistan, or with the historic Khazars.

Hazara
هزاره
Azra
آزره
Hazara school girls in Bamyan
Regions with significant populations
 Afghanistan6,000,000[1][2]
 Pakistan2,000,000[3][4][5]
 Iran500,000[6]
 Europe130,000[7]
 Australia41,766[8]
 Turkey26,000[9]
 Indonesia3,800[10]
 Canada3,580[11]
Languages
Religion
[12][13]
Related ethnic groups
[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

The Hazaras (Persian: هزاره, romanized: Hazāra; Hazaragi: آزره, romanized: Āzrə) are an ethnic group and a principal component of Afghanistan’s population. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras also form significant minority communities in Pakistan, mainly in Quetta, and in Iran, primarily in Mashhad. They speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian. Dari, also known as Dari Persian, is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.

The Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan.[24] More than half of the Hazara population was massacred by the Emirate of Afghanistan between 1888 and 1893,[25] and they have faced persecution at various times over the past decades[26] Widespread ethnic discrimination[27][28][29] religious persecution[30][31][32] organized attacks by terrorist groups[33][34] harassment, and arbitrary arrest have affected Hazaras for various reasons[35][36] There have been numerous cases of rape and torture of Hazara women[37][38][39] land and home seizures[40][41][42] deliberate economic restrictions,and economic marginalization of the Hazara region[43][44][45] and appropriation of Hazara agricultural fields and pastures[46][47][48][49][50] These and many other human rights violations have led to the displacement and forced migration of many Hazaras from Afghanistan[51][52][53][54]

  1. ^ "سرور دانش درصد جمعیت شیعه و هزاره را در گزارش دولت آمریکا نادرست خواند". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  2. ^ Garrison, V. David. "Global Peoples Profiles:: Hazara of Afghanistan and Deccanis of India". www.missionfrontiers.org. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
  3. ^ Siddique, Abubakar (21 February 2013). "Hazaras of Pakistan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 22 Dec 2022.
  4. ^ Census of Afghans in Pakistan 2005, UNHCR Statistical Summary Report (retrieved August 14, 2016)
  5. ^ Yusuf, Imran (5 October 2011). "Who are the Hazara?". Tribune. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  6. ^ Smyth, Phillip (3 June 2014). "Iran's Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  7. ^ "Austria holds refugee talks as young Hazaras flee persecution to make 'dangerous' journey to Europe – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". mobile.abc.net.au. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
  8. ^ "Cultural Diversity". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  9. ^ "Afghan Hazara Refugees Seek Justice in Turkey". 3 June 2014.
  10. ^ Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league, Al Jazeera, 21 March 2014, retrieved 5 August 2016
  11. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories". 14 July 2024.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference culturalorientation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Brasher, Ryan (2011). "Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 55: 97–120. JSTOR 23345249.
  15. ^ B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.
  16. ^ "Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan". September 17, 2020.
  17. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  18. ^ Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  19. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912. Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
  20. ^ Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169. Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Temirkhanov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bacon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". bigenc.ru. In Russian: "Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."
  24. ^ Emadi, Hafizullah (September 1997). "The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 16 (3): 363–387. doi:10.1080/02634939708400997. ISSN 0263-4937. Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.
  25. ^ Alessandro Monsutti (15 December 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  26. ^ Mousavi, S. A. (2018). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-80016-0.
  27. ^ "Hazaras in Afghanistan". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  28. ^ "Hazaras and Shias: Violence, Discrimination, and Exclusion Under the Taliban". www.jurist.org. 2024-05-14. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  29. ^ "The Plight of Hazaras Under the Taliban Government". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  30. ^ KabulNow (2024-10-27). "Taliban Intensifies Campaign Against "Banned" Books in Central Afghanistan". KabulNow. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  31. ^ "hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/Hazaras(AfghanistanAndPakistan)".
  32. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  33. ^ "Deliberate Attacks On Civilians And Hazaras Are War Crimes, Says HRW". Afghanistan International. 4 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  34. ^ "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  35. ^ Taj, Zareen (2024-04-10). "Taliban Gender Apartheid: Genocide of Hazara Women". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  36. ^ Times, Zan (2024-01-22). "'I was arrested for the crime of being a Hazara and a woman': The Taliban's 'bad hijab' campaign targets Hazara women". Zan Times. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  37. ^ "/8am.media/eng/one-experience-two-perspectives-inside-the-lives-of-women-in-talibans-detention-centers-in-kabul/".
  38. ^ Manish, Abdul Wahed (2023-09-18). "The Taliban Abducted a Hazara Girl from Islamic Darul Uloom for Forced Marriage". Voice of Citizen News. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  39. ^ "Strange Exiles; Taliban Tortured Hazara Girls under the Name of Unbelievers and Rejectionists | Jade Abresham". 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  40. ^ rmasumi1 (2023-10-13). "Taliban Confiscate Hazara Land". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia | Human Rights Watch". 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  42. ^ Watch, Genocide (2024-07-19). "Intensifying persecution of Hazaras in Afghanistan". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  43. ^ "#6: Life under the Taliban". www.vidc.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  44. ^ Iltaf, Maisam (2024-01-23). "Taliban's Disruption of Aid Programs Push Hazaras To the Brink". KabulNow. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  45. ^ "Unfair Distribution of Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan". Bamyan Foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  46. ^ Qazi, Shereena. "Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?". Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  47. ^ "8am.media/eng/the-massacre-of-hazaras-in-oruzgan-ethnic-prejudice-and-land-grab-politics/".
  48. ^ "Law of the Gun". KabulNow. 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  49. ^ "www.landinfo.no.The conflict between Hazaras and Kuchis over the pasture and land" (PDF).
  50. ^ "/kuchi-land-grabbers-speed-up-construction-works-on-hazara-settlements-in-ghaznis-jaghatu-district/".
  51. ^ "Opinion: The gradual genocide of Hazara in Afghanistan". www.massey.ac.nz. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  52. ^ "Between a rock and a hard place: The Hazaras in Afghanistan". orfonline.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  53. ^ ""Who are the Hazaras and what are they escaping By Reuters"". Reuters.
  54. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer (2021-08-29). "Hazara Shias flee Afghanistan fearing Taliban persecution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-20.