It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.
^ abcdefPunjabi contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
^/ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill (/rː/).
^[w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /वو/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
^Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 390. ISBN978-1-317-64326-5. Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with k instead of q.
^ abcdefLong vowels are shortened in closed syllables.
^ ab/iː/ and /uː/ are neutralised to [i, u] at the end of a word.
^In Gurmukhi, ih and uh are usually read as /éː/ (ē with rising tone) and /óː/ (ō with rising tone) respectively.
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