Help:IPA/Sardinian

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Sardinian on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Sardinian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sardinian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Sardinian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of the language.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	baca, bia, bàbaru	bike
β	abauditu, ebreu, nebodaza^[1]	between baby and bevy
d	dormi, sardu, doadura, (Logudorese) andalibeni	done
dz	acasazare, pranzu, cazare	between buds and budge
dʒ	gioba, Barbagia, culingiosso, panagèlicu	budge
ɖ	abbaraddadu, mundu, cherveddu [keɾˈveɖːu]^ⓘ^[2]	dine (Indian English)
ð	abbacada, cantat [ˈkantaða], a therga^[1]	this
f	foras, ufanu	fast
ɡ	gabbia, gherra, ghia, sangrau, fogu	gas
ɣ	buttega, sa gherra, arcu ’e chelu^[1]	like go, but without completely blocking air flow on the g
k	corsía, àlpaca, chelu, cuadra, bruke, piachente^[3]	scar
l	levantinu, abbalaucadu^[2]	lip
ʎ	brigliaju, origlietas, bragliosu, contissigliu^[2]	roughly like million
m	meledada, mamudinu, acampàda^[2]^[4]	mother
ɱ	cunforma^[4]	some value
n	nebodaza, energía^[2]	nest
ŋ	síncheru, abbiènghidu^[4]	sing
ɲ	apitzigàgnulu, gnagnajolu^[2]	roughly like canyon
ɳ	afandare, mundu	roughly like corndog
p	pabasolu, písiri, splajare, ’alvispaltu	spin
ɾ	carena, dijimire	atom (American English)
r	rasada, ferrutzos	trilled r
s	secada, stantes, dilmissu	between sip and ship
ʃ	scelestu, lescenscia, balascios, isciri	ship
t	taneddu, àteu	star
ts	(Logudorese) tzacare, tzarra, catzare, Tzitzeddu, (Campidanese) tzaccau, tzitadi	between cats and catch
tʃ	ciabbata, cedda, cibbu, ciacosu, celibbadu	catch
θ	althrolitu, furrithu, tharalau, atheddina, istathu	thin
v	vacada, servu, jurafalzu, sa faína^[1]	vent
z	casara, ixemplu, stantes [ˈstantɛzɛ], su sole^[1]	between zone and genre
ʒ	(Logudorese) abbajocada, ajozi, conjugadu, ojos, (Campidanese) paxi, axedu, dexi	genre
ʔ^[5]	pacu, connòschere, sa pache, sa luna	getting (Cockney)

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	Arba, areddare, àteru, proiàt	roughly like father
e	meri, panagèlicu, ghèneru^[6]	roughly like pay
ɛ	xena, lèghere, isdentadu	bed
i	filu, síncheru, paxi, ixemplu	see
o	ogru, còtzula, abbaosu^[6]	law (British English)
ɔ	connòschere, ogros, cando	off
u	domu, úrtima	tool

Semivowels
j	eja, (Logudorese) gioja,^[7] calzulaieddu,^[8] (Campidanese) Sardinnia^[9]	you

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Examples	Explanation
ˈ	cantat [ˈkantaða]	primary stress
ˌ	propiamente [ˌpɾopi.aˈmɛntɛ]	secondary stress
.	via [ˈvi.a]	syllable break
ː	fillu [ˈfilːu]	geminated consonant^[2]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Phonemic /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ between vowels are usually realized as [β], [ð], [ɣ], and sometimes even omitted, in a process known as lenition. Lenition to [β], [ð], [ɣ], [v], [z] (but not omission) also normally occurs for initial /p/, /t/ or /θ/, /k/, /f/, /s/ after a word ending in a vowel, with the exception of a few "strong" words: e.g. [pɾɔ ˈvaɣɛɾɛ] 'in order to do' but [pɾɔ nɔ ˈfaɣɛɾɛ] 'in order not to do' (compare syntactic gemination in Italian and other Romance languages).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gemination, here represented by ⟨ː⟩, is only distinctive for the pairs /l, lː/, /m, mː/ and /n, nː/, and and only occurs after a vowel, where it also occurs for [ɖː], [ʎː] and [ɲː] (the latter two being common realizations of /lːj/ and /nːj/, respectively).
^ Usually, /k/ is written down following either the Italian style (by using ⟨ch⟩ before e and i: e.g. anchilla, chelu, chena, chi, etc.), the Byzantine style (by using ⟨k⟩: e.g. ankilla, kelu, kena, ki, etc.) or (now rare) the Spanish style (by using ⟨qu⟩ before e and i: e.g. anquilla, quelu, quena, qui, etc.).
^ ^a ^b ^c Nasal consonants always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Thus, the n in /nɡ/~/nk/ is velar [ŋ], but before /v/ or /f/, it is labiodental [ɱ]. It is [m] only before /p/, /b/ or /m/ and [ɳ] before /ɖ/.
^ Glottal stops usually occur for intervocalic /k/ in some dialects of Barbagia, and for intervocalic /l/ and /n/ in some dialects of Sarrabus.
^ ^a ^b /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are realized as [e] and [o], respectively, if the following syllable contains /i/, /u/, a palatal, or another occurrence of [e] or [o]. This is not the case if said /i/ or /u/ results from a historical /ɛ/ or /ɔ/.
^ One of the cases in which the grapheme ⟨j⟩ does not represent the sound [ʒ].
^ A rare case, using the grapheme ⟨i⟩, normally representing a full vowel /i/.
^ Phonetically transcribed as [saɾˈdinːja], as opposed to Sardigna in Logudorese, transcribed as [saɾˈdiɲːa]. In Campidanese this semivowel is more usual.

[lenition-1] Phonemic /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ between vowels are usually realized as [β], [ð], [ɣ], and sometimes even omitted, in a process known as lenition. Lenition to [β], [ð], [ɣ], [v], [z] (but not omission) also normally occurs for initial /p/, /t/ or /θ/, /k/, /f/, /s/ after a word ending in a vowel, with the exception of a few "strong" words: e.g. [pɾɔ ˈvaɣɛɾɛ] 'in order to do' but [pɾɔ nɔ ˈfaɣɛɾɛ] 'in order not to do' (compare syntactic gemination in Italian and other Romance languages).

[gem-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gemination, here represented by ⟨ː⟩, is only distinctive for the pairs /l, lː/, /m, mː/ and /n, nː/, and and only occurs after a vowel, where it also occurs for [ɖː], [ʎː] and [ɲː] (the latter two being common realizations of /lːj/ and /nːj/, respectively).

[3] Usually, /k/ is written down following either the Italian style (by using ⟨ch⟩ before e and i: e.g. anchilla, chelu, chena, chi, etc.), the Byzantine style (by using ⟨k⟩: e.g. ankilla, kelu, kena, ki, etc.) or (now rare) the Spanish style (by using ⟨qu⟩ before e and i: e.g. anquilla, quelu, quena, qui, etc.).

[nasal-4] Nasal consonants always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Thus, the n in /nɡ/~/nk/ is velar [ŋ], but before /v/ or /f/, it is labiodental [ɱ]. It is [m] only before /p/, /b/ or /m/ and [ɳ] before /ɖ/.

[5] Glottal stops usually occur for intervocalic /k/ in some dialects of Barbagia, and for intervocalic /l/ and /n/ in some dialects of Sarrabus.

[harmony-6] /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are realized as [e] and [o], respectively, if the following syllable contains /i/, /u/, a palatal, or another occurrence of [e] or [o]. This is not the case if said /i/ or /u/ results from a historical /ɛ/ or /ɔ/.

[7] One of the cases in which the grapheme ⟨j⟩ does not represent the sound [ʒ].

[8] A rare case, using the grapheme ⟨i⟩, normally representing a full vowel /i/.

[9] Phonetically transcribed as [saɾˈdinːja], as opposed to Sardigna in Logudorese, transcribed as [saɾˈdiɲːa]. In Campidanese this semivowel is more usual.

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