Henry I | |||||
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Defender of the Faith | |||||
![]() Portrait c. 1816 | |||||
King of Haiti | |||||
Reign | 28 March 1811 – 8 October 1820 | ||||
Coronation | 2 June 1811 | ||||
Predecessor | Himself (as President of the State of Haiti) | ||||
Successor | Henry II (unproclaimed) | ||||
President of the State of Haiti | |||||
In office | 17 February 1807 – 28 March 1811 | ||||
Predecessor | Jacques I (as Emperor of Haïti) | ||||
Successor | Himself (as King of Haiti) | ||||
Born | British Grenada | 6 October 1767||||
Died | 8 October 1820 Cap-Henri, Kingdom of Haiti | (aged 53)||||
Burial | Citadelle Laferriere, Haiti | ||||
Consort | Marie-Louise Coidavid | ||||
Issue | François-Ferdinand Christophe Princess Françoise-Améthyste Princess Anne-Athénaïre Jacques-Victor Henry, Prince Royal Baron Thomas de Belliard (illegitimate son) | ||||
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Father | Christophe | ||||
Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||
Coat of arms | ![]() |
Henri Christophe[1] (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi kʁistɔf]; 6 October 1767 – 8 October 1820) was a key leader in the Haitian Revolution and the only monarch of the Kingdom of Haiti.
Christophe was of Bambara ethnicity in West Africa.[2] Beginning with the slave uprising of 1791, he rose to power in the ranks of the Haitian revolutionary military. The revolution succeeded in gaining independence from France in 1804. In 1805 he took part under Jean-Jacques Dessalines in the capture of Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic), against French forces who acquired the colony from Spain in the Treaty of Basel.
After Dessalines was assassinated, Christophe retreated to the Plaine-du-Nord and created a separate government. On 17 February 1807, he was elected president of the State of Haiti, as he named that area. Alexandre Pétion was elected president of the Republic of Haiti in the south. On 26 March 1811, Christophe created a kingdom in the north and was later proclaimed Henry I, King of Haïti. He also created a nobility and named his legitimate son Jacques-Victor Henry as prince and heir.
He is known for constructing Citadel Henry, now known as Citadelle Laferrière, the Sans-Souci Palace, the royal chapel of Milot, the Palais de la Belle Rivière and numerous other palaces.[3] Under his policies of corvée, or forced labor bordering on slavery,[4] the Kingdom earned revenues from agricultural production, primarily sugar; but the Haitian people resented the system. He reached an agreement with the United Kingdom to respect its Caribbean colonies in exchange for their warnings to his government of any French naval activity threatening Haiti. In 1820, unpopular, ill and fearing a coup, he committed suicide. Jacques-Victor, his son and heir, was assassinated 10 days later. Afterwards, General Jean-Pierre Boyer came to power and reunited the two parts of Haiti.
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