Heppner flood of 1903

Downtown Heppner during the flood

The Heppner flood of 1903 was a major flash flood along Willow Creek responsible for destroying a large portion of Heppner, Oregon, United States, on June 14, 1903. With a death toll of 247 people, it remains the deadliest natural disaster in Oregon,[1] and the second deadliest flash flood in the United States, behind the 1889 Johnstown Flood and ahead of the 1972 Black Hills Flood.[2] The flood caused over $600,000 in damage,[3] equivalent to $20.3 million today.[4]

After an exceptionally dry spring, strong thunderstorms moved over the Heppner area on June 14, 1903. Torrential rain and hail began falling on the watersheds of Willow Creek and two of its largest tributaries, Balm Fork and Hinton Creek, by 16:30.[3][5] The region's arid climate and little vegetation coupled with the ground already being wet from a storm three days earlier caused very little water to be absorbed by the soil, and soon the streams were flooding. Within fifteen minutes after the rain began to fall, water rushed down the streams (mainly the Balm Fork), towards Heppner.[3][5][6] A steam laundry building on the southern edge of Heppner built across Willow Creek acted as a dam when the water arrived, failing under the stress several minutes later.[3][6] This sent a 15-to-50-foot (5 to 15 m) wall of water cascading down Willow Creek that quickly reduced many of Heppner's structures to rubble.[3][6][7] Some structures were ripped off their foundations and floated downstream.[3][6] At its peak, over 36,000 cubic feet per second (1,000 m3/s) of water raced down Willow Creek,[8] more than the average flow of the much larger Willamette River to the west.[9] Many people were able to escape to higher ground, but 247—nearly a quarter of Heppner's population at the time—died.[6][7] The waters finally receded around an hour later.[6] Numerous houses in Heppner were destroyed, and around 140 total structures, about one-third of Heppner, were washed away.[1][3][5][6] Heppner's population did not completely recover to pre-1903 levels for several decades.[3]

After the flood inundated Heppner, two of its residents, Les Matlock and Bruce Kelly, rode on horseback to warn the cities of Lexington and Ione, 9 and 18 miles (14 and 29 km) downstream, respectively.[3][6][7] The flood washed through Lexington at about 19:00, just before they arrived, destroying several buildings.[7] Matlock and Kelly continued north to Ione, overtaking the flood and warning the bewildered residents to evacuate.[3][6] No one was killed in Ione or Lexington.[1][6] However, the floodwaters washed raw sewage from Heppner downstream, contaminating wells in both Lexington and Ione. As a result, at least 18 people died from typhoid fever over the next several months.[5]

The flood led to flood control studies in 1962, 1965, and 1979. The Willow Creek Dam was completed in 1983 to prevent such a flood in the future. It is the first major roller-compacted concrete dam.

Pendleton, Oregon photographer Walter S. Bowman captured images of the aftermath.[10]

  1. ^ a b c "Oregon's Top 10 Weather Events of 1900s". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  2. ^ Burt, Christopher; Stroud, Mark (2004). Extreme Weather. New York, New York: W.W. Norton. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1. OCLC 55671731.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j DenOuden, Bob (Spring 2004). ""Without a Second's Warning"; The Heppner Flood of 1903". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 105 (1). doi:10.1353/ohq.2004.0080. ISSN 0030-4727. OCLC 195326544. S2CID 165263427. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  4. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d Byrd, Joann (2009). Calamity: the Heppner flood of 1903. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98941-9. OCLC 318672964.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dresback, Rachel (2006). Oregon Disasters. Guilford, Connecticut: Insiders' Guide. pp. 1–11. ISBN 978-0-7627-3993-6. OCLC 69680034.
  7. ^ a b c d "Heppner Flood, May 1903". Oregon Climate Service. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  8. ^ "USGS 14034500 Willow Creek At Heppner, OR". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  9. ^ "14211720 Willamette River At Portland, OR" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  10. ^ "Guide to the Walter S. Bowman photographs". Northwest Digital Archives. Retrieved October 20, 2013.