| Hipparion Temporal range: Late Miocene
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| Skeleton on display at the National Natural History Museum of China | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Perissodactyla |
| Family: | Equidae |
| Subfamily: | Equinae |
| Tribe: | †Hipparionini |
| Genus: | †Hipparion De Christol, 1832 |
| Species | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms | |
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Hipparion is an extinct genus of three-toed, medium-sized equine belonging to the extinct tribe Hipparionini, who lived about 10-5 million years ago.[1][2] While the genus formerly included most hipparionines, the genus is now more narrowly defined as hipparionines from Eurasia spanning the Late Miocene.[2] Hipparion was a mixed-feeder who ate mostly grass, and lived in the savannah biome.[2][3] Hipparion evolved from Cormohipparion,[2] and went extinct due to environmental changes like cooling climates and decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.[4]
- ^ Cirilli, Omar; Pandolfi, Luca; Alba, David M.; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Bukhsianidze, Maia; Kordos, Laszlo; Lordkipanidze, David; Rook, Lorenzo; Bernor, Raymond L. (2023-04-15). "The last Plio-Pleistocene hipparions of Western Eurasia. A review with remarks on their taxonomy, paleobiogeography and evolution". Quaternary Science Reviews. 306: 107976. Bibcode:2023QSRv..30607976C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.107976. ISSN 0277-3791.
- ^ a b c d Bernor, Raymond L.; Kaya, Ferhat; Kaakinen, Anu; Saarinen, Juha; Fortelius, Mikael (October 2021). "Old world hipparion evolution, biogeography, climatology and ecology". Earth-Science Reviews. 221: 103784. Bibcode:2021ESRv..22103784B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103784.
- ^ MacFadden, Bruce J. (2000). "Cenozoic Mammalian Herbivores of the Americas: Reconstructing Ancient Diets and Terrestrial Communities" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 31: 33–59. Bibcode:2000AnRES..31...33M. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.33 – via JSTOR.
- ^ van der Made, Jan; Boulaghraief, Kamel; Chelli-Cheheb, Razika; Cáceres, Isabel; Harichane, Zoheir; Sahnouni, Mohamed (Jan 28, 2022). "The last North African hipparions – hipparion decline and extinction follows a common pattern". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 303 (1): 39–87. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2022/1037 – via Schweizerbart Science Publishers.