History of Gujarat

History of Gujarat
Stone Age (before 4000 BCE)
Stone Age(before 4000 BCE)
Chalcolithic to Bronze Age (4000–1300 BCE)
Chalcolithic Gujarat
 – Anarta tradition(c. 3950–1900 BCE)
 – Padri Ware (3600–2000 BCE)
 – Pre-Prabhas Assemblage(3200–2600 BCE)
 – Pre Urban Harappan Sindh Type Pottery (3000–2600 BCE)
 – Black and Red Ware (3950–900 BCE)
 – Reserved Slip Ware(3950–1900 BCE)
 – Micaceous Red Ware(2600–1600 BCE)
 – Malwa Ware
 – Jorwe Ware
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BCE)
 – Early Harappan(3300–2600 BCE)
 – Mature Harappan(2600–1900 BCE)
 – Late Harappan(1900–1300 BCE)
Late cultures(2200–1700 BCE)
 – Prabhas Assemblage(2200–1700 BCE)
 – Lustrous Red Ware (1900–1300 BCE)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BCE)
Iron Age (1500–300 BCE)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BCE)
 – Janapadas (1500–600 BCE)
 – Black and Red Ware(1300–1000 BCE)
 – Painted Grey Ware (1200–600 BCE)
Maha Janapadas (600–300 BCE)
Epic India (1700–300 BCE)
 –Abhira kingdom
 –Anarta kingdom
 –Dwaraka kingdom
 –Sindhu kingdom
 –Saurashtra kingdom
Classical period (380 BCE – 1299 CE)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BCE)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BCE)
Indo-Scythians (312 BCE − 400 CE)
 –Western Satraps (c. 119 – 405 CE)
Vakataka dynasty(c. 250 – c. 500 CE)
Kushan Empire (30 – 375 CE)
Traikutaka dynasty (388 – 454 CE)
Gupta Empire (405 – c. 730 CE)
Maitraka (475 – 767 CE)
Saindhava(c. 725 – c. 950 CE)
Gurjaras of Lata(c. 580 – c. 738 CE)
Chalukyas of Navasarika (c. 660 – c. 739 CE)
Empire of Harsha( 7th century)
Gurjara-Pratihara (c. 730 – c. 960 CE)
Chavda dynasty (c. 690 – c. 940 CE)
Chudasama dynasty (c. 875 – 1472 CE)
Rashtrakuta dynasty(8–9th century)
Paramara dynasty (9–10th century)
Western Chalukya(9–10th century)
Chalukyas of Lata (c. 970 – c. 1070 CE)
Chaulukya dynasty (c. 940 – 1243 CE)
Vaghela dynasty (1243–1299 CE)
Medieval and early modern periods (1299–1819)
Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate (1298–1407)
 – Khalji Sultanate (1298–1320)
 – Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1407)
Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1573)
Mughal Gujarat (1573–1756)
Maratha Empire (1756–1819)
 –Peshwa
 –Gaekwad
Cutch State(1365–1947)
Colonial period (1819–1961)
Portuguese India(1534–1961)
Company Raj (1819–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
 –Princely states(till 1948)
 –Residencies (1819–1947)
 –Agencies of British India(1819–1947)
 –Bombay Presidency(1618–1947)
Post-independence (1947–)
Saurashtra State (1948–1956)
Kutch State (1947–1956)
Bombay State (1947–1960)
Gujarat (1960–)
See also: List of wars involving Gujarat

The history of Gujarat began with Stone Age settlements followed by Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlements like Indus Valley civilisation.[1] Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch, served as ports and trading centers in the Nanda, Maurya, Satavahana and Gupta empires as well as during the Western Kshatrapas period. After the fall of the Gupta empire in the 6th century, Gujarat flourished as an independent Hindu-Buddhist state. The Maitraka dynasty, descended from a general of the Gupta empire, ruled the Kingdom of Valabhi the 6th to the 8th centuries, although they were ruled briefly by Harsha during the 7th century. The Arab rulers of Sindh sacked Vallabhi in 770, bringing the Kingdom of Valabhi to an end. In 775, the first Parsi (Zoroastrian) refugees arrived in Gujarat from Greater Iran.[2]

Following the fragmentation of Gujarat into numerous principalities during the ninth century, the Chaulukya dynasty reunited the region and established the Kingdom of Gujarat. From 1297 to 1300, Alauddin Khalji, the Turkic Sultan of Delhi, destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur's sacking of Delhi at the end of the 14th century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat's governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar asserted his independence and established the Gujarat Sultanate; his son, Sultan Ahmad Shah I (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital. In the early 16th century the Rana Sanga invasion of Gujarat weakened the Sultanate's power as he annexed northern Gujarat and appointed his vassal to rule there, however after his death, the Sultan of Gujarat recovered the kingdom and even sacked Chittor Fort in 1535.[3] The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1576, when the Mughal emperor Akbar conquered and annexed it to the Mughal Empire as a province. Surat had become the prominent and main port of India during Mughal rule.

Later in the 18th century, parts of Gujarat came under control of the Baroda State, a kingdom within the Maratha Confederacy. The British East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Many local rulers, including the Gaekwads of Baroda, made peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule. Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the Bombay Presidency, with the exception of Baroda state, which had a direct relationship with the Governor-General of India. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including Kathiawar, Kutch, and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of princely states, but several districts in central and southern Gujarat were ruled directly by the Bombay Presidency. Mahatma Gandhi, considered India's "father of the nation", was a Gujarati who led the Indian Independence Movement against British rule.[4]

Gujarat was formed by splitting Bombay state in 1960 on linguistic lines. From 1960 to 1995, the Indian National Congress retained power in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly while other political parties ruled for incomplete terms in the 1970s and 1990. The Bharatiya Janata Party has been in power since 1998.

  1. ^ "Where does history begin?". 18 October 2017. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  2. ^ Gujarat State Portal "History of Gujarat". Gujarat : The State took its name from the Gujara, the land of the Gujjars, who ruled the area during the 700's and 800's. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. ^ Chaube 1975, pp. 132–136.
  4. ^ "Modern Gujarat". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2010.