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The history of Hawaii is the story of human settlements in the Hawaiian Islands.
Polynesians arrived sometime between 940 and 1200 AD.[1][2] Kamehameha I, the ruler of the island of Hawaii, conquered and unified the islands for the first time, establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1795.[3] The kingdom became prosperous and important for its agriculture and strategic location in the Pacific. Kamehameha was aided by European military technology that became available once an expedition led by British explorer James Cook reached the islands in 1778, the first sustained contact with Europeans.
American immigration, led by Protestant missionaries, and Native Hawaiian emigration, mostly on whaling ships but also in high numbers as indentured servants and as forced labour,[4] began almost immediately after Cook's arrival.[5] Americans established plantations to grow crops for export. Their farming methods required substantial labor. Waves of permanent immigrants came from Japan, China, and the Philippines to work in the cane and pineapple fields. The government of Japan organized and gave special protection to its people, who comprised about 25 percent of the Hawaiian population by 1896.[6] The Hawaiian monarchy encouraged this multi-ethnic society, initially establishing a constitutional monarchy in 1840 that promised equal voting rights regardless of race, gender, or wealth.[7][8][9]
The population of Native Hawaiians declined precipitously from an unknown number prior to 1778 (estimated to be around 300,000). It fell to around 142,000 in the 1820s based on a census conducted by American missionaries, 82,203 in the 1850 Hawaiian Kingdom census, 40,622 in the final Hawaiian Kingdom census of 1890, 39,504 in the sole census by the Republic of Hawaii in 1896, and 37,656 in the first census conducted by the United States in 1900. Thereafter the Native Hawaiian population in Hawaii increased with every census, reaching 680,442 in 2020 (including people of mixed heritage).[10][5][11]
In 1893 Queen Liliʻuokalani was illegally deposed and placed under house arrest by businessmen (who included members of the Dole family) with help from of U.S. Marines.[12][13][better source needed] The Republic of Hawaii governed for a short time until Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 as the Territory of Hawaii. In 1959, the islands became the 50th American state.
- ^ Athens, J. Stephen; Rieth, Timothy M.; Dye, Thomas S. (January 2014). "A Paleoenvironmental and Archaeological Model-based Age Estimate for the Colonization of Hawaiʻi". American Antiquity. 79 (1). Society for American Archaeology: 144–155. doi:10.7183/0002-7316.79.1.144. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 24712731. OCLC 9970772655. Retrieved May 7, 2024 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Smith, Philippa Mein (2012). A Concise History of New Zealand. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-107-40217-1.
- ^ "Kamehameha: The Founding of the Hawaiian Kingdom". Hawai'i Free Press. June 12, 2023. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ Calnitsky, Naomi Alisa (December 2017). "On the 'Margins' of Empire? Toward a History of Hawaiian Labour and Settlement in the Pacific Northwest". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 126 (4). The Polynesian Society: 417–442. doi:10.15286/jps.126.4.417-442. ISSN 0032-4000. JSTOR 26451741. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
- ^ a b Office of Hawaiian Affairs (May 2017). "Native Hawaiian Population Enumerations in Hawai'i" (PDF). p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ Bailey, Thomas A. (1931). "Japan's Protest against the Annexation of Hawaii". Journal of Modern History: 46–61. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim080190107. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
- ^ "Kingdom of Hawaii Constitution of 1840". www.hawaii-nation.org. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ Hanifin, Patrick (2001). "To Dwell on the Earth in Unity: Rice, Arakaki, and the Growth of Citizenship and Voting Rights in Hawaii" (PDF). Hawaii Bar Journal. V (13): 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "The Historical Context for Sacredness, Title, and Decision Making in Hawai'i: Implications for TMT on Maunakea" (PDF). July 29, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Chuukese and Papua New Guinean Populations Fastest Growing Pacific Islander Groups in 2020". Census.gov. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
- ^ Cumings, Bruce (2009). Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power. Yale University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-300-15497-9. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
- ^ Nasser, Noelani (November 30, 2020). "American Imperialism in Hawai'i: How the United States Illegally Usurped a Sovereign Nation and Got Away With It". UC Law Constitutional Quarterly. 48 (2). ISSN 2997-1926. OCLC 1425512274. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
- ^ Lowe, Ikaika (November 15, 2018). "The Lāhui Strikes Back: The Illegal Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the Struggle for Hawai'i's Water Resources". Horizon. 3. hdl:10125/76666. Retrieved May 8, 2024 – via ScholarSpace.