Overview of the history of self-driving cars
General Motors' Firebird II was described as having a "brain" that allowed it to move into a lane with a metal rod and follow it along.
Experiments have been conducted on self-driving cars since 1939;[ 1] promising trials took place in the 1950s and work has proceeded since then. The first self-sufficient and truly autonomous cars appeared in the 1980s, with Carnegie Mellon University 's Navlab [ 2] and ALV[ 3] [ 4] projects in 1984 and Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr University Munich 's Eureka Prometheus Project [ 5] in 1987. In 1988, William L Kelley patented the first modern collision Predicting and Avoidance devices for Moving Vehicles. Then, numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working autonomous vehicles including Mercedes-Benz, General Motors , Continental Automotive Systems , Autoliv Inc. , Bosch , Nissan , Toyota , Audi , Volvo , Vislab from University of Parma , Oxford University and Google .[ 5] [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] In July 2013, Vislab demonstrated BRAiVE, a vehicle that moved autonomously on a mixed traffic route open to public traffic.[ 13]
In the 2010s and 2020s, some UNECE members and EU members and the UK have some rules and regulations related to automated and fully automated cars: In Europe, cities in Belgium, France, Italy and the UK are planning to operate transport systems for driverless cars,[ 14] [ 15] [ 16] and Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain have allowed testing robotic cars in traffic.
In 2019 in Japan, related legislation for Level 3 was completed by amending two laws, and they came into effect in April 2020.[ 17]
In 2021 in Germany, related legislation for Level 4 was completed.[ 18]
On 1 April 2023 in Japan, the amended "Road Traffic Act" which allows Level 4 was enforced.[ 19]
^ " 'Phantom Auto' will tour city" . The Milwaukee Sentinel . 8 December 1926. Retrieved 23 July 2013 .[permanent dead link ]
^ "Carnegie Mellon" . Navlab: The Carnegie Mellon University Navigation Laboratory . The Robotics Institute. Retrieved 2014-12-20 .
^ Kanade, Takeo (February 1986). "Autonomous land vehicle project at CMU" . Proceedings of the 1986 ACM fourteenth annual conference on Computer science - CSC '86 . pp. 71–80. doi :10.1145/324634.325197 . ISBN 0897911776 . S2CID 2308303 .
^ Wallace, Richard (1985). "First results in robot road-following" (PDF) . JCAI'85 Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-06.
^ a b Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2009). "Prof. Schmidhuber's highlights of robot car history" . Retrieved 15 July 2011 .
^ "Video Friday: Bosch and Cars, ROVs and Whales, and Kuka Arms and Chainsaws" . IEEE Spectrum . 25 January 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013 .
^ "Audi of America > news > Pool > Reaffirmed Mission for Autonomous Audi TTS Pikes Peak" . AudiUSA.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012 .
^ "Nissan car drives and parks itself at Ceatec" . BBC. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
^ "Toyota sneak previews self-drive car ahead of tech show" . BBC. 4 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
^ "Google's Self-Driving Cars: 300,000 Miles Logged, Not a Single Accident Under Computer Control" . The Atlantic. 2012-08-09. Retrieved 10 August 2012 .
^ "Vislab, University of Parma, Italy - 8000 miles driverless test begins" . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ "VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge: Inaugural Ceremony – Milan, Italy" . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ "Vislab, University of Parma, Italy - Public Road Urban Driverless-Car Test 2013 - World premiere of BRAiVE" . Archived from the original on 2015-09-02. Retrieved 2015-01-24 .
^ "Driverless cars take to the road" . E.U.CORDIS Research Program CitynetMobil. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
^ "Snyder OKs self-driving vehicles on Michigan's roads" . Detroit News. 27 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2014 .
^ "UK to allow driverless cars on public roads in January" . BBC News . 2014-07-30.
^ Imai, Takeyoshi (December 2019). "Legal regulation of autonomous driving technology: Current conditions and issues in Japan" . IATSS Research . 43 (4): 263–267. doi :10.1016/j.iatssr.2019.11.009 .
^ "Germany: Road Traffic Act Amendment Allows Driverless Vehicles on Public Roads" . Library of Congress . 9 August 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021 .
^ "Level 4 Autonomous Driving Allowed in Japan" . Yomiuri Shimbun . 1 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023 .