History of the Jews in Iraq

Iraqi Jews
יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים
Seated in the centre: Sir Sassoon Eskell, first Minister of Finance of the Kingdom with King Faisal I immediately to his left. The tycoon, Senator Menahem Saleh Daniel is seated on the far right of this shot.
Total population
156,000 (residing in Iraq in 1947)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Israel450,000[2][3]
 Iraq4 (2021)[4]
Languages
Hebrew
Mesopotamian Arabic
Religion
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardic Jews, Kurdish Jews, Persian Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Syrian Jews
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The history of the Jews in Iraq (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים, Yehudim Bavlim, lit. 'Babylonian Jews'; Arabic: اليهود العراقيون, al-Yahūd al-ʿIrāqiyyūn) is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity c. 586 BCE. Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and most historically significant Jewish communities.[5]

The Jewish community in Mesopotamia, known in Jewish sources as "Babylonia", traces its origins to the early sixth century BCE, when a large number of Judeans from the defeated Kingdom of Judah were exiled to Babylon in several waves by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.[6] A few decades later, some had returned to Judah, following the edict of Cyrus. During this time, the Temple in Jerusalem was rebuilt, significant changes in Jewish religious tradition were made, and the Judeans were led by individuals who made Aliyah from Babylonia, such as Zerubbabel, Ezra and Nehemiah. Though not much is known about the community in Babylonia during the Second Temple and Mishnaic periods, scholars believe the community was still thriving and prospering at that time.[6]

The Jewish community of Babylonia rose to prominence as the center of Jewish scholarship following the decline of the Jewish population in the Land of Israel in the 3rd century CE. Estimates often place the Babylonian Jewish population of the third to seventh centuries at around one million, making it the largest Jewish diaspora community of that period.[7] The area became home to many important Talmudic yeshivas such as the Nehardea, Pumbedita and Sura Academies, and the Babylonian Talmud was compiled there. The Mongol invasion and Islamic discrimination under the Caliphates in the Middle Ages eventually led to its decline.[8] Under the Ottoman Empire, the Jews of Iraq fared better. The community established modern schools in the second half of the 19th century.[9] Driven by persecution, which saw many of the leading Jewish families of Baghdad flee for India, and expanding trade with British colonies, the Jews of Iraq established a trading diaspora in Asia known as the Baghdadi Jews.[10]

The Iraqi Jewish community formed a homogeneous group, maintaining communal Jewish identity, culture and traditions. The Jews in Iraq distinguished themselves by the way they spoke in their old Arabic dialect, Judeo-Arabic; the way they dressed; observation of Jewish rituals, for example, the Sabbath and holidays; and kashrut. In the 20th century, Iraqi Jews played an important role in the early days of Iraq's independence. According to Avi Shlaim, they were deeply integrated into the wider Iraqi society, culturally and linguistically.[11]

Following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, persecution against Jews culminated in increased government oppression and cultural discrimination. The Iraqi government, while maintaining a public policy of discrimination against Iraqi Jews, simultaneously forbade Jews from emigrating to Israel out of concern for strengthening the nascent Israeli state. In 1950, the Iraqi government reversed course and permitted Jews to emigrate in exchange for renouncing their Iraqi citizenship. From 1950 to 1952, nearly the entire Iraqi Jewish population emptied out from Iraq to Israel through Operation Ezra and Nehemiah. Historians estimate that 120,000–130,000 Iraqi Jews (around 75% of the entire community) reached Israel.[12][13] The remainder of the Jewish population continued to dwindle in the ensuing decades; as of the 2020s, less than a handful of Jews still reside in Iraq. As of 2014, the total number of Jews living in Iraq number around 100, mostly in Baghdad.[14]

The religious and cultural traditions of Iraqi Jews are kept alive today in strong communities established by Iraqi Jews in Israel, especially in Or Yehuda, Givatayim and Kiryat Gat.[2] According to government data as of 2014, there were 227,900 Jews of Iraqi descent in Israel,[2] with other estimates as high as 600,000 Israelis having some Iraqi ancestry.[3] Smaller communities upholding Iraqi Jewish traditions in the Jewish diaspora exist in the United Kingdom,[15][16] Ireland,[17] Australia,[18] Singapore,[19] Canada,[20] and the United States.[21]

  1. ^ Ben-Yaacob, Abraham; et al. (2007). "Iraq". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4. Estimate based on the 1947 census, amounting to 2.6% of the total population. Ben-Yaacob et al. note that some studies suggest that the total population of Iraqi Jews "in the late 1940s" could have been as high as 135,000, given that 123,500 were estimated to have immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1951, and that 6,000 still remained in Iraq after the mass immigration.
  2. ^ a b c Glanz, James; Garshowitz, Irit Pazner (27 April 2016). "In Israel, Iraqi Jews Reflect on Baghdad Heritage". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  3. ^ a b "With Jews largely gone from Iraq, memories survive in Israel". Reuters. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
  4. ^ Faraj, Salam (28 March 2021). "On Passover 2021, Iraq's Jewish community dwindles to fewer than five". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  5. ^ azzaman (2022-01-24). "خلدون ناجي معروف 1945-2008 | Azzaman". Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  6. ^ a b בלברג, מירה (2013). פתח לספרות חז"ל [Gateway to Rabbinic literature] (in Hebrew). הוצאת האוניברסיטה הפתוחה. pp. 176–179.
  7. ^ Gafni, Isaiah (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 805, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.033, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 2024-09-10
  8. ^ "Nehardea Magazine". Archived from the original on November 21, 2008.
  9. ^ ""Conference asks: Iraqi Israeli, Arab Jew or Mizrahi Jew?", Haaretz". Archived from the original on 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  10. ^ Yehuda, Zvi (2017-08-28). The New Babylonian Diaspora: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Community in Iraq, 16th-20th Centuries C.E. BRILL. ISBN 9789004354012.
  11. ^ 'What lends our story some broader interest is the fact that we belonged to a branch of the global Jewish community that is now almost extinct. We were Arab-Jews. We lived in Baghdad and we were well-integrated into Iraqi society. We spoke Arabic at home, our social customs were Arab, our lifestyle was Arab, our cuisine was exquisitely Middle Eastern and my parents' music was an attractive blend of Arabic and Jewish'. Avi Shlaim, Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew, Oneworld Publications 2023 ISBN 978-0-861-54464-6 'Chapter One:Arab Jews.'
  12. ^ "Israelis from Iraq remember Babylon". May 7, 2007 – via BBC News.
  13. ^ "משרד העלייה והקליטה". gov.il. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  14. ^ Point of No return 28 September 2024
  15. ^ Shute, Joe (2017-11-22). "Remembering the last Jews of Iraq". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  16. ^ Harriet Sherwood (2018-05-05). "Iraq-born refugee could become first Arabic speaker to head Britain's Jews". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  17. ^ "Lost history: understanding the unseen story of Iraqi Jews". The Irish Catholic. 2019-06-27. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  18. ^ Desiatnik, Shane. "Iraqi refugee's survival story". ajn.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  19. ^ Shay, Ayelet Mamo (2015-04-20). "Singapore, a tiny heaven for Jews". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  20. ^ "IJAO". Iraqi Jewish Association Of Ontario. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  21. ^ Feldman, Ari (2019-02-06). "52 Iraqi Jews Were Killed By The Secret Police. 50 Years Later, Their Descendants Come Forward". Forward. Retrieved 2020-01-20.