Hồ Chí Minh | |
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.jpg) Portrait, c. 1946 | |
| 1st President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam | |
| In office 2 September 1945 – 2 September 1969 | |
| Preceded by | Bảo Đại (as Emperor) |
| Succeeded by | Tôn Đức Thắng |
| Chairman of the Workers' Party of Vietnam | |
| In office 19 February 1951 – 2 September 1969 | |
| General Secretary |
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| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam | |
| In office 5 October 1956 – 10 September 1960 | |
| Preceded by | Trường Chinh |
| Succeeded by | Lê Duẩn |
| 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam | |
| In office 2 September 1945 – 20 September 1955 | |
| Preceded by | Trần Trọng Kim (as Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam) |
| Succeeded by | Phạm Văn Đồng |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 28 August 1945 – 2 March 1946 | |
| Preceded by | Trần Văn Chương (Empire of Vietnam) |
| Succeeded by | Nguyễn Tường Tam |
| In office 3 November 1946 – March 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Nguyễn Tường Tam |
| Succeeded by | Hoàng Minh Giám |
| Full Member of the 2nd and 3rd Politburo | |
| In office 31 March 1935 – 2 September 1969 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Nguyễn Sinh Cung 19 May 1890 Kim Liên, Annam, French Indochina |
| Died | 2 September 1969 (aged 79) Hanoi, North Vietnam |
| Resting place | Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi |
| Political party | Workers' Party of Vietnam (from 1951) |
| Other political affiliations |
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| Relations |
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| Parents |
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| Alma mater | Communist University of the Toilers of the East |
| Occupation |
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President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Struggle for Independence
Legacy
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Hồ Chí Minh[a][b] (born Nguyễn Sinh Cung;[c][d][e][3][4] 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969),[f] colloquially known as Uncle Ho (Bác Hồ),[g][7] and by other aliases[h] and sobriquets,[i] was a Vietnamese communist revolutionary and politician. He served as prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945 to 1955, and as president from 1945 until his death in 1969. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist, he was the Chairman of the Workers' Party of Vietnam, the predecessor of the current Communist Party of Vietnam.
Hồ Chí Minh was born in Nghệ An province in the French protectorate of Annam. From 1911, he left French Indochina to work, and in 1920 was a founding member of the French Communist Party. After studying in Moscow, Hồ founded the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League in 1925, which five years later became the Indochinese Communist Party. On his return to Vietnam in 1941, he founded the communist-led Việt Minh independence movement, and in 1945 led the August Revolution against the Japanese, resulting in the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. After the French returned to power the following month, Hồ's government retreated to the countryside and began guerrilla warfare. The Việt Minh defeated the French Union in 1954 at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, ending the First Indochina War and resulting in the division of Vietnam, with the Việt Minh in control of North Vietnam, and anti-communists in control of South Vietnam. Hồ remained as president and leader of the party during the Vietnam War, which lasted from 1955 to 1975. Hồ officially stepped down from power in 1965 due to health problems and died in 1969. North Vietnam was ultimately victorious against South Vietnam and its allies. Vietnam was officially unified in 1976. Saigon, the former capital of South Vietnam, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his honor.
The details of Hồ Chí Minh's life before he came to power in Vietnam are uncertain. He is known to have used between 50[10]: 582 and 200 pseudonyms.[11] Information on his birth and early life is ambiguous and subject to academic debate. At least four existing official biographies vary on names, dates, places, and other hard facts while unofficial biographies vary even more widely.[12] Aside from being a politician, Hồ was a writer, poet, and journalist. He wrote several books, articles, and poems in Chinese, Vietnamese, and French.
- ^ "Ho Chi Minh". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ Vũ Ngự Chiêu (23 October 2011). "Vài vấn nạn lịch sử thế kỷ XX: Hồ Chí Minh – Nhà ngoại giao, 1945–1946". Hợp Lưu Magazine (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2013. Note: See the document in French, from Centre des archives d'Outre-mer [CAOM] (Aix)/Gouvernement General de l'Indochine [GGI]/Fonds Residence Superieure d'Annam [RSA]/carton R1, and the note in English at the end of the cited article
- ^ Trần Quốc Vượng. "Lời truyền miệng dân gian về Hồ Chí Minh". BBC Vietnamese. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ Nguyễn Vĩnh Châu. "Phỏng vấn sử gia Vũ Ngự Chiêu về những nghiên cứu lịch sử liên quan đến Hồ Chí Minh". Hợp Lưu Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ Nguyễn Xuân Tùng (18 September 2014). "Giới thiệu những tư liệu về Di chúc của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh" [Introduction to documents related to President Ho Chi Minh's will] (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Justice (Vietnam). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ Ngo, Tam T. T. (2018). "The Uncle Hồ religion in Vietnam". In Dean, Kenneth; van der Veer, Peter (eds.). The Secular in South, East, and Southeast Asia. Springer. p. 219. ISBN 978-3-319-89369-3.
- ^ "Uncle Ho's legacy lives on in Vietnam". BBC News. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ Watanabe, Musa (25 July 2014). "Father of modern Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh". The OpenLab at New York City College of Technology. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Woolf, Chris (18 September 2017). "The little-known story of Vietnamese communist leader Ho Chi Minh's admiration for the US". The World.
- ^ Duiker, William J. Ho Chi Minh: A Life. New York: Hyperion, 2000.
- ^ Duncanson 1957, p. 85.
- ^ Pike 1976.
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