Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma
Other namesHodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease[1]
Micrograph showing Hodgkin lymphoma (Field stain)
SpecialtyHematology and oncology
SymptomsFever, night sweats, weight loss, nonpainful enlarged lymph nodes[2]
Risk factorsEpstein–Barr virus, family history, HIV/AIDS[2][3]
Diagnostic methodLymph node biopsy[2]
TreatmentChemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem-cell transplant,[4] immunotherapy
PrognosisFive-year survival rate 88% (US)[5]
Frequency574,000 (affected during 2015)[6]
Deaths23,900 (2015)[7]
Named afterThomas Hodgkin

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the patient's lymph nodes.[2][8] The condition was named after the English physician Thomas Hodgkin, who first described it in 1832.[9][10] Symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and weight loss.[2] Often, nonpainful enlarged lymph nodes occur in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin.[2] Persons affected may feel tired or be itchy.[2]

The two major types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.[5] About half of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma are due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and these are generally the classic form.[3][11] Other risk factors include a family history of the condition and having HIV/AIDS.[2][3] Diagnosis is conducted by confirming the presence of cancer and identifying RS cells in lymph node biopsies.[2] The virus-positive cases are classified as a form of the Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases.[12]

Hodgkin lymphoma may be treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem-cell transplantation.[4] The choice of treatment often depends on how advanced the cancer has become and whether or not it has favorable features.[4] If the disease is detected early, a cure is often possible.[9] In the United States, 88% of people diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma survive for five years or longer.[5] For those under the age of 20, rates of survival are 97%.[13] Radiation and some chemotherapy drugs, however, increase the risk of other cancers, heart disease, or lung disease over the subsequent decades.[9]

In 2015, about 574,000 people globally had Hodgkin lymphoma, and 23,900 (4.2%) died.[6][7] In the United States, 0.2% of people are affected at some point in their life.[5] Most people are diagnosed with the disease between the ages of 20 and 40.[5]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lozano_2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ) – Patient Version". NCI. August 3, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 2.4. ISBN 978-928320429-9.
  4. ^ a b c "Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ) – Patient Version". NCI. August 3, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Hodgkin Lymphoma". NCI. April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coggeshall M, Cornaby L, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Dilegge T, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kawashima T, Kemmer L (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  7. ^ a b Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fraser MS, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Huynh C, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kinfu Y, Kulikoff XR (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  8. ^ Bower M, Waxman J (2011). Lecture Notes: Oncology (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-118-29300-3. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  9. ^ a b c Armitage JO (August 2010). "Early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (7): 653–662. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1003733. PMID 20818856.
  10. ^ Hodgkin T (1832). "On some morbid experiences of the absorbent glands and spleen". Med Chir Trans. 17: 69–97.
  11. ^ Grewal R, Irimie A, Naidoo N, Mohamed N, Petrushev B, Chetty M, Tomuleasa C, Abayomi EA (March 2018). "Hodgkin's lymphoma and its association with EBV and HIV infection". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 55 (2): 102–114. doi:10.1080/10408363.2017.1422692. PMID 29316828. S2CID 46790198.
  12. ^ Rezk SA, Zhao X, Weiss LM (September 2018). "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoid proliferations, a 2018 update". Human Pathology. 79: 18–41. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.020. PMID 29885408. S2CID 47010934.
  13. ^ Ward E, DeSantis C, Robbins A, Kohler B, Jemal A (2014). "Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 64 (2): 83–103. doi:10.3322/caac.21219. PMID 24488779.