Holochroal eye

The holochroal eye of Paralejurus sp.

Holochroal eyes are compound eyes with many tiny lenses (sometimes more than 15,000, each 30-100μm, rarely larger).[1] They are the oldest and most common type of trilobite eye,[2] and found in all orders of trilobite from the Cambrian to the Permian periods. Lenses (composed of calcite) covered a curved, kidney-shaped visual surface in a hexagonal close packing system, with a single corneal membrane covering all lenses.[3] Unlike in schizochroal eyes, adjacent lenses were in direct contact with one another.[4] Lens shape generally depended on cuticle thickness. The lenses of trilobites with thin cuticles were thin and biconvex, whereas those with thick cuticles had thick lenses, which in extreme cases, could be thick columns with the outer surface flattened and the inner surface hemispherical.[4] Regardless of lens thickness, however, the point at which light was focused was roughly the same distance below the lens.[4]

  1. ^ Clarkson, E. N. K. (1979), "The Visual System of Trilobites.", Palaeontology, 22: 1–22
  2. ^ Schoenemann, B. (October 2007), "Trilobite Eyes and a New Type of Neural Superposition Eye in an Ancient System", Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 281 (1–3), Verlag: 63–91, Bibcode:2007PalAA.281...63S, doi:10.1127/pala/281/2007/63
  3. ^ Clarkson, E.N. (1997), "The Eye, Morphology, Function and Evolution", in Kaesler, R.L. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, revised. Volume 1: Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida, Boulder, CO & Lawrence, KS: The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, pp. 114–132, ISBN 978-0-8137-3115-5
  4. ^ a b c Clarkson, Euan; Levi-Setti, Riccardo; Horváth, Gabor (2006). "The eyes of trilobites: The oldest preserved visual system". Arthropod Structure & Development. 35 (4): 247–259. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.002. PMID 18089074.