Homochirality

Homochirality is a uniformity of chirality, or handedness. Objects are chiral when they cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, the left and right hands of a human are approximately mirror images of each other but are not their own mirror images, so they are chiral. In biology, 19 of the 20 natural amino acids are homochiral, being L-chiral (left-handed), while sugars are D-chiral (right-handed).[1] Homochirality can also refer to enantiopure substances in which all the constituents are the same enantiomer (a right-handed or left-handed version of an atom or molecule), but some sources discourage this use of the term.

It is unclear whether homochirality has a purpose; however, it appears to be a form of information storage.[2] One suggestion is that it reduces entropy barriers in the formation of large organized molecules.[3] It has been experimentally verified that amino acids form large aggregates in larger abundance from an enantiopure samples of the amino acid than from racemic (enantiomerically mixed) ones.[3]

It is not clear whether homochirality emerged before or after life, and many mechanisms for its origin have been proposed.[4] Some of these models propose three distinct steps: mirror-symmetry breaking creates a minute enantiomeric imbalance, chiral amplification builds on this imbalance, and chiral transmission is the transfer of chirality from one set of molecules to another.

  1. ^ Nelson, Lehninger; et al. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Macmillan. p. 474.
  2. ^ Carroll, James D. (March 2009). "A new definition of life". Chirality. 21 (3): 354–358. doi:10.1002/chir.20590. PMID 18571800.
  3. ^ a b Julian, Ryan R.; Myung, Sunnie; Clemmer, David E. (January 2005). "Do Homochiral Aggregates Have an Entropic Advantage?". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 109 (1): 440–444. doi:10.1021/jp046478x. PMID 16851034. S2CID 10599051.
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