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| Taiping Heavenly King | |||||||||
| Reign | 11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864 | ||||||||
| Successor | Hong Tianguifu | ||||||||
| Born | Hong Huoxiu (洪火秀) 1 January 1814[a] Hua County, Guangdong, Qing dynasty | ||||||||
| Died | 1 June 1864 (aged 50) Tianjing, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | ||||||||
| Spouse | Lai Xiying (賴惜英)[1] or Lai Lianying (賴蓮英)[2] | ||||||||
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| Father | Hong Jingyang (洪鏡揚)[2] | ||||||||
| Mother | Madam Wang (王氏) | ||||||||
| Religion | God Worshipping Society | ||||||||
| Hong Xiuquan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 洪秀全 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 洪仁坤 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 洪火秀 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hong Xiuquan[b] (1 January 1814[a] – 1 June 1864), born Hong Huoxiu[c] and with the courtesy name Renkun, was a Chinese revolutionary and religious leader who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty. He established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over large portions of southern China, with himself as its "Heavenly King".
Born into a Hakka family in Guangzhou, Hong claimed to have experienced mystical visions after failing the imperial examinations. He came to believe that his celestial father he saw in the visions was God the Father, his celestial elder brother was Jesus Christ, and he had been directed to rid the world of demon worship. He rejected Confucianism and began propagating a fusion of Christianity, Daoism and millenarianism, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shangdi.[3][4][5] His associate Feng Yunshan then founded the God Worshipping Society to spread Hong's teachings. By 1850, Hong's sect had over 10,000 followers and increasingly came into conflict with Qing authorities.
In January 1851, Hong organized a rebel army and routed the Qing forces at Jintian, marking the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion. He then declared himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace. Taiping rebels captured the city of Nanjing in March 1853 and declared it the Heavenly Capital of the kingdom, after which Hong withdrew to his new palace and began ruling through proclamations. He became increasingly suspicious of Yang Xiuqing, his fellow Taiping leader, and engineered Yang's murder in a 1856 purge that spiraled into the further purge of more Taiping leaders. The kingdom gradually lost ground and in June 1864, in the face of Qing advance, Hong died following a period of illness and was succeeded by his son, Hong Tianguifu. Nanjing fell a month later.
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