Hosni Mubarak

His Excellency Marshal Hosni Mubarak
حسني مبارك
Official portrait, 1985
4th President of Egypt
In office 14 October 1981 – 11 February 2011
Prime Minister	See list Himself (1981–1982) Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin (1982–1984) Kamal Hassan Ali (1984–1985) Aly Lotfy Mahmoud (1985–1986) Atef Sedky (1986–1996) Kamal Ganzouri (1996–1999) Atef Ebeid (1999–2004) Ahmed Nazif (2004–2011) Ahmed Shafik (2011)
Vice President	None (1981–2011) Omar Suleiman (2011)
Preceded by	Anwar Sadat Sufi Abu Taleb (acting)
Succeeded by	Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (interim)[a] Mohamed Morsi
Prime Minister of Egypt
In office 7 October 1981 – 2 January 1982
President	Sufi Abu Taleb (acting) Himself
Preceded by	Anwar Sadat
Succeeded by	Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin
Vice-President of Egypt
In office 16 April 1975 – 14 October 1981
President	Anwar Sadat
Preceded by	Hussein el-Shafei Mahmoud Fawzi
Succeeded by	Omar Suleiman[b]
Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement
In office 16 July 2009 – 11 February 2011
Preceded by	Raúl Castro
Succeeded by	Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (acting)
Commander of the Air Force
In office 23 April 1972 – 16 April 1975
President	Anwar Sadat
Preceded by	Ali Mustafa Baghdady
Succeeded by	Mahmoud Shaker
Director of the Egyptian Air Academy
In office November 1967 – June 1969[1]
Preceded by	Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros
Succeeded by	Mahmoud Shaker
Personal details
Born	Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (1928-05-04)4 May 1928 Kafr-El Meselha, Kingdom of Egypt
Died	25 February 2020(2020-02-25) (aged 91) Cairo, Egypt
Political party	NDP (1978–2011) ASU (before 1978)
Spouse	Suzanne Thabet ​ (m. 1959)​
Children	Alaa Gamal
Alma mater	Egyptian Military Academy Egyptian Air Academy Frunze Military Academy
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	Egyptian Air Force
Years of service	1950–1975
Rank	Air chief marshal[2][c]
Commands	Egyptian Air Force Egyptian Air Academy Beni Suef Air Base Cairo West Air Base
^ Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces ^ Office vacant from 14 October 1981 to 29 January 2011 ^ Military rank withdrawn after trial

Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak^[a] (Arabic: محمد حسني مبارك‎; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.

Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973.^[2] In 1975, he was appointed vice president by President Anwar Sadat and assumed the presidency after his assassination in 1981. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848.^[3]

Less than two weeks after the assassination of President Sadat, Mubarak quickly assumed the presidency in the single-candidate 1981 referendum, and renewed his term through single-candidate referendums in 1987, 1993, and 1999. Under United States pressure, Mubarak held the country's first multi-party election in 2005, which he won. In 1989, he succeeded in reinstating Egypt's membership in the Arab League, which had been frozen since the Camp David Accords with Israel, and in returning the Arab League's headquarters back to Cairo. He was known for his supportive stance on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, in addition to his role in the Gulf War.^[4] Despite providing stability and reasons for economic growth, his rule was repressive. The state of emergency, which had not been lifted since the 1967 war, stifled political opposition, the security services became known for their brutality, and corruption became widespread.^[5]

Mubarak stepped down during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations.^[6] On 11 February 2011, then–Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that both he and Mubarak had resigned and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.^[7][8]

On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor ordered Mubarak and his two sons Alaa and Gamal to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power.^[9] Mubarak was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution.^[10] These trials began on 3 August 2011,^[11] making him the first Arab leader to be tried in his own country in an ordinary court of law.^[12][13] On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation (the nation's high court of appeal) overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial.^[14] On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences.^[15] Mubarak was detained in a military hospital while his sons were freed on 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court.^[16] Mubarak was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and was released on 24 March 2017.^[17][18]

Mubarak died in 2020, aged 91.^[19][20] He was honoured with a state funeral and buried at a family plot outside Cairo.^[21]

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