Host switch

In parasitology and epidemiology, a host switch (or host shift) is an evolutionary change of the host specificity of a parasite or pathogen. For example, the human immunodeficiency virus used to infect and circulate in non-human primates in West-central Africa, but switched to humans in the early 20th century.[1][2]

All symbiotic species, such as parasites, pathogens and mutualists, exhibit a certain degree of host specificity. This means that pathogens are highly adapted to infect a specific host - in terms of but not limited to receptor binding, countermeasures for host restriction factors and transmission methods. They occur in the body (or on the body surface) of a single host species or – more often – on a limited set of host species. In the latter case, the suitable host species tend to be taxonomically related, sharing similar morphology and physiology.[3]

Speciation is the creation of a new and distinct species through evolution and so unique differences exist between all life on earth. It goes without saying that dogs and birds are very different classes of animals – for one, dogs have fur coats and birds have feathers and wings. We therefore know that their fundamental biological makeup is as different as their physical appearance, this ranges from their internal cellular mechanisms to their response to infection, and so species-specific pathogens must overcome multiple host range barriers in order for their new host to support their infection.

A likely scenario of cospeciation between Hominines and their lice. The phylogeny of Hominine species (humans and close relatives) in grey and that of their blood-sucking lice in red. Co-speciation resulted in similar topologies except for two evolutionary events. First, gorilla lice host-switched to humans to found the species Crab louse. Second, the human louse duplicated into two forms, the Head louse and Body louse.[4]
  1. ^ Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011). "Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): a006841. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. PMC 3234451. PMID 22229120.
  2. ^ Faria NR, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Baele G, Bedford T, Ward MJ, et al. (October 2014). "HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations". Science. 346 (6205): 56–61. Bibcode:2014Sci...346...56F. doi:10.1126/science.1256739. PMC 4254776. PMID 25278604.
  3. ^ Poulin R (2006). Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691120850.
  4. ^ Reed DL, Light JE, Allen JM, Kirchman JJ (March 2007). "Pair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice". BMC Biology. 5: 7. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-7. PMC 1828715. PMID 17343749.