Hunsrik

Hunsrik
Pronunciation[ˈhunsɾɪk]
Native toBrazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná)
Argentina (Misiones)[1]
Paraguay[1]
RegionSouth America
EthnicityGerman Brazilians
Latin
Official status
Official language in
Brazil[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3hrx
Glottologriog1239
Dona Noêmia speaking in Brazilian Hunsrik
video icon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKB5dszpqSM

Hunsrik (natively Hunsrik[3] [ˈhunsɾɪk], Hunsrückisch[1] or Hunsrickisch and Portuguese hunsriqueano or hunsriqueano riograndense),[4] also called Riograndese Hunsrik,[5] Riograndenser Hunsrückisch or Katharinensisch, is a Moselle Franconian language derived primarily from the Hunsrückisch dialect of West Central German which is spoken in parts of South America. A co-official language in the Brazilian municipalities of Antônio Carlos, Santa Maria do Herval, and São João do Oeste,[2][6][7] Hunsrik is spoken in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná, as well as some regions of neighboring Paraguay and Argentina.[8] It has been an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul since 2012, and considered an intangible cultural heritage of Santa Catarina state since 2016.[9][10]

Hunsrik developed from the Hunsrückisch dialect spoken by immigrants from the Hunsrück region of Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland) who settled in Brazil's southern region such as Rio Grande do Sul, beginning under the Empire of Brazil in 1824. This immigration later fell under the control of individual states, and then of private European investment enterprises. While primarily based on the Hunsrückisch branch of the German language, it has also been greatly influenced by other German dialects such as East Pomeranian and Plautdietsch and by Portuguese, the national language of Brazil. It has been influenced to a lesser extent by indigenous languages such as Kaingang and Guarani and by immigrant languages such as Italian and Talian.

Portuguese expressions and words are commonly imported into Hunsrik, particularly in reference to fauna and flora (which are different from those of Germany) and to technological innovations that did not exist when the original immigrants came to Brazil, leading to words like Aviong for airplane (Portuguese avião) instead of Flugzeug, Kamiong (Pt. caminhão, truck) instead of Lastwagen, Tëlevisong (Pt. televisão) instead of Fernseher, etc. Daily expressions are often calques (literal translations) of Portuguese.

Also common are the use of German suffixes attached to Portuguese words, such as Canecache, "little mug," from Portuguese caneca, "mug," and German diminutive suffix -chen (-che in Hunsrik); hybrid forms such as Schuhloja, "shoe shop," from German Schuh and Portuguese loja, and Germanized forms of Portuguese verbs: lembreere, "to remember"; namoreere "to flirt"; respondeere, "to answer" (Portuguese lembrar, namorar, and responder). However, regardless of these borrowings, its grammar and vocabulary are still largely Germanic.

Although Hunsrik is the most common Germanic language in south Brazil, the use of this language—particularly in the last three to four generations—continues to decrease. Glottolog classifies the language as "shifting" on its Agglomerated Endangerment Status.[11]

  1. ^ a b c Altenhofen, Cleo Vilson; Morello, Rosângela (2018). Hunsrückisch: Inventário de uma Língua do Brasil [Hunsrückisch: Inventory of a Brazilian Language] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Florianópolis: Garapuvu. hdl:10183/194384. ISBN 978-85-907418-7-9.
  2. ^ a b "IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC". Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística (in Portuguese). February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  3. ^ Wiesemann, Ursula (2008). Contribuição ao desenvolvimento de uma ortografia da língua Hunsrik falada na América do Sul [Contribution to the development of an orthography of the Hunsrik language spoken in South America] (in Portuguese). Cuiabá: Associação Internacional de Lingüística–SIL Brasil. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-96BA-9. online at sil.org
  4. ^ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  5. ^ Mateusz Maselko, Alter und Dialektgebrauch: Zu (jugend-)altersspezifischen Markern im mundartlichen Bereich: Fallbeispiel (Morpho-)Syntax des Hunsrückischen in Südbrasilien (with an English abstract), in: edited by Arne Ziegler with assistance by Melanie Lenzhofer and Georg Oberdorfer, Jugendsprachen / Youth Languages: Aktuelle Perspektiven internationaler Forschung / Current Perspectives of International Research, vol. 2, 2018, p. 647ff., here p. 647
  6. ^ Decreto Nº 005, de 05/02/2009 (in Portuguese) – via leismunicipais.com.br.
  7. ^ Lei Nº 1.685/16, de 12/07/2016 (in Portuguese) – via Diário Oficial dos Municípios de Santa Catarina.
  8. ^ Louden, Mark L. (2020). "Minority Germanic Languages". In Putnam, Michael T.; Page, B. Richard (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics. pp. 807–832. doi:10.1017/9781108378291.035. ISBN 9781108378291. S2CID 216442760.
  9. ^ Lei Nº 16.987, de 3 de agosto de 2016 [Law No. 16,987, of August 3, 2016] (in Portuguese). Retrieved June 23, 2020 – via leis.alesc.sc.gov.br.
  10. ^ Lei N.º 14.061, de 23 de julho de 2012 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 30, 2019.
  11. ^ "Hunsrik". Glottolog. Retrieved May 16, 2022.